The Universe in X-Rays
In the last 45 years, X-ray astronomy has become an integral part of modern astrophysics and cosmology. There is a wide range of astrophysical objects and phenomena, where X-rays provide crucial diagnostics. In particular they are well suited to study hot
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G. Börner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, München, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, Köln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
Joachim E. Tr u¨ mper Gu¨ nther Hasinger (Eds.)
The Universe in X-Rays With 237 Figures, 40 in Color and 19 Tables
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Joachim E. Tr u¨ mper Gu¨ nther Hasinger Max-Planck-Institut f u¨ r extraterrestische Physik Giessenbachstraße 85748 Garching Germany E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
Cover illustrations: above: ROSAT all-sky survey; from Max-Planck-Institut fuer extraterrestrische Physik; below: 15. Nov. 2006, Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/UMass Amherst/M.D. Stage et al.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933496
ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-540-34411-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting by SPi using a Springer LATEX macro package
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Preface
In the early years of X-ray astronomy, one of us (J. E. T.) had always a book in reach, entitled “X-ray Astronomy” and edited by Riccardo Giacconi and Herbert Gursky about a decade after they had opened the field by the discovery of Scorpius X-1 and the X-ray background. This book summarized all the knowledge at the time, based on the results from the pioneering rocket and balloon experiments and from Uhuru, the first satellite entirely dedicated to X-ray astronomy. Since those early times X-ray astronomy has evolved with enormous pace. The number of known sources has increased by a factor of thousand, but more important, they now comprise almost all classes of astronomical objects – from planets, moons and comets out to clusters of galaxies and quasars. In the era of multi-wavelength astronomy X-ray observations provide insight into extreme physical conditions prevailing in all these sources – very high temperatures, very strong g
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