Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences
Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences offers a comprehensive overview of the wide ranging applications of neutron scattering techniques to elucidate the fundamental materials properties at the nano-, micro- and meso-scale,
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Neutron Scattering Applications and Techniques Series Editors: Ian S. Anderson Neutron Sciences Directorate Oak Ridge National Laboratory Building 8600, MS 6477 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA [email protected]
Alan J. Hurd Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at LANSCE Los Alamos National Laboratory PO Box 1663, MS H805 Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA [email protected]
Robert L. McGreevy ISIS Science & Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Science & Innovation Campus Chilton, Didcot OX11 0 QX UK [email protected]
Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences Liyuan Liang, Romano Rinaldi, and Helmut Schober, eds. ISBN 978-0-387-09415-1, 2009
Liyuan Liang · Romano Rinaldi · Helmut Schober Editors
Neutron Applications in Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences
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Editors Liyuan Liang Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN USA [email protected]
Romano Rinaldi Universit`a di Perugia Italy [email protected]
Helmut Schober Institut Laue-Langevin Grenoble France [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-387-09415-1 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09416-8
e-ISBN 978-0-387-09416-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932522 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Preface
The use of neutrons to investigate the fundamental properties of materials began with the search for new ways of exploiting the knowledge and instrumentation acquired during the all-out scientific efforts of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. Neutron applications were explored in the 1950s by Bertram N. Brockhouse at the Chalk River Laboratory in Ontario and by Clifford G. Shull at the Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee. When the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded them the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics, for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques, the citation noted that they had between them helped to answer the questions of where atoms “are” and what atoms “do.” The saying “neutrons see where atoms are and what they do” has become the motto of neutron scattering science. Brockhouse’s and Shull’s pioneering applications were essentially limited to studies of the physical properties of matter, and in particular to phase transitions, magnetic structures, phonons, and especially the
