New Pioneers of Optogenetics in Neuroscience
Optogenetics have recently increased in popularity as tools to study behavior in response to the brain and how these trends relate back to a neuronal circuit. Additionally, the high demand for human cerebral tissue in research has led to the generation of
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New Pioneers of Optogenetics in Neuroscience Ö. Sezin Somuncu, H. Matthew Berns, and J. Guillermo Sanchez
Abstract
Optogenetics have recently increased in popularity as tools to study behavior in response to the brain and how these trends relate back to a neuronal circuit. Additionally, the high demand for human cerebral tissue in research has led to the generation of a new model to investigate human brain development and disease. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) have been previously used to recapitulate the development of several tissues such as intestine, stomach and liver and to model disease in a human context, recently new improvements have been made in the field of hPSC-derived brain organoids to better understand overall brain development but more specifically, to mimic inter-neuronal communication. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in these two separate approaches of brain research and to emphasize the need for overlap. These two novel approaches would combine the study of behavior along with the specific circuits required to produce the signals Ö. S. Somuncu (*) Department of Medical Biology, Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] H. M. Berns Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA J. G. Sanchez Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
causing such behavior. This review is focused on the current state of the field, as well as the development of novel optogenetic technologies and their potential for current scientific study and potential therapeutic use. Keywords
Cerebral organoids · iPSCs · Neuroscience · Optogenetics · Stem cells
Abbreviation CaMKII Cas9 ChR2 CRISPR ESCs GABA hPSCs iPSCs MRI NIR-II NSC PhyB SCID sgRNA SYN1
Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II CRISPR associated protein 9 Channelrhodopsin-2 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Embryonic Stem Cells Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Magnetic Resonance Imaging The Second Near-infrared Spectral Region Neural Stem Cell Phytochrome B Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease Single Guide RNA Synapsin-1
Ö. S. Somuncu et al.
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Introduction
Optogenetics covers the interaction of genetic and optical approaches for inducing or inhibiting well established events in precise cells, tissues and behaving animals (Fenno et al. 2011). This technology opens a window to study the neural circuit foundations of attitude with the involvement of three essential elements. The first of these are the microbial opsins. This gene family originated from evolutionarily remote organisms with each gene coding a different protein which provokes electrical current through cell membranes in response to light. Second, is the common approach for targeting robust and precise opsin gene expression in established cell components of the brain. The final component is the main techniques for supervising durable and accurate organized light to ex
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