Non-prejudiced Detection and Characterization of Genetic Modifications
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Non-prejudiced Detection and Characterization of Genetic Modifications Torstein Tengs & Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen & Haibo Zhang & Knut G. Berdal & Marie Løvoll & Arne Holst-Jensen
Received: 28 June 2009 / Accepted: 27 August 2009 / Published online: 16 September 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009
Abstract The application of gene technology is becoming widespread much thanks to the rapid increase in technology, resource, and knowledge availability. Consequently, the diversity and number of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that may find their way into the food chain or the environment, intended or unintended, is rapidly growing. From a safety point of view the ability to detect and characterize in detail any GMO, independent of publicly available information, is fundamental. Pre-release risk assessments of GMOs are required in most jurisdictions and are usually based on application of technologies with limited ability to detect unexpected rearrangements and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-009-9111-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
insertions. We present an array-based approach to address these problems and show with three examples (GTS 40-3-2 Roundup Ready and event A5547-127 soybean as well as T25 Liberty Link Maize) that the method can detect and characterize GMOs with high accuracy while making very few prior assumptions about the actual genetic modifications or constructs in question. Based on the array results, a simple polymerase chain reaction-scheme is also described that will enable the user to characterize the inserted sequences to DNA sequence level. The method may provide the biotechnology developers and risk regulators with a useful tool to improve pre-market risk assessments as well as seed producers and other food chain and environmental stakeholders with a platform to improve their ability to detect and characterize GMOs.
T. Tengs : H. Zhang : K. G. Berdal : M. Løvoll : A. Holst-Jensen (*) Section for Food Bacteriology and GMO, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords DNA Sequence . Genetically Modified Organisms . Transgene Insert . Unauthorized GMO . Unknown GMO
A. B. Kristoffersen Section for Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
There are many ways in which the heritable characteristics of a species can be improved. Selective breeding has led to the plethora of phenotypically distinct breeds of dogs, and the Belgian Blue cattle is an example of selective breeding where the genetic factors involved have been characterized in detail (Grobet et al. 1997). Other strategies rely on the mutagenic effect of radiation or chemical treatments in order to generate varieties that again can be screened and bred (for examples, see Cecchini et al. 1998 and Maple and Moller 2007). Most of the commercially available genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been gene
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