Non-resident and resident patents, renewable and fossil energy, pollution, and economic growth in the USA
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Non-resident and resident patents, renewable and fossil energy, pollution, and economic growth in the USA Slim Ben Youssef 1 Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R&D) spillovers on pollution and renewable energy consumption (RE). We choose as proxies for R&D and for foreign R&D spillovers, resident patents (RP) and non-resident patents (NRP), respectively. We use annual data for the USA spanning the period 1980–2016. We show the presence of a long-run relationship between NRP, RP, RE, fossil energy consumption (FE), net energy imports (NEI), gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. There are long-run unidirectional Granger causalities running from all considered variables to economic growth. There are short-run unidirectional causalities running from NEI to all considered variables except RP and GDP, from GDP to RP and RE, from FE to RE, and from carbon emissions to RE. By using the autoregressive distributed lag approach, several long-run elasticities are evaluated. In particular, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it. Both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP. RP and NRP seem to be complementary activities, and RE reduces NEI. Therefore, the US authorities should encourage the use of NRP because of their beneficial effect on pollution, home innovation, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth. Keywords Non-resident patents . Resident patents . Renewable energy consumption . Carbon dioxide emissions . Economic growth JEL classifications C32 . O34 . O51 . Q42 . Q54
Introduction The USA is considered as one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters in the world. Indeed, in 2018, China accounted Highlights - There is a short-run unidirectional causality running from NEI to RE. - In the long-run, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it. - In the long-run, both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP. - RE reduces NEI in the long-run. Responsible Editor: Eyup Dogan * Slim Ben Youssef [email protected] 1
University of Manouba, ESCT, QUARG UR17ES26, Campus Universitaire Manouba, 2010 Manouba, Tunisia
for approximately 27.52% of global CO2 emissions, and the USA, India, and Russia Federation accounted for 14.81, 7.26, and 4.68%, respectively.1 Also, the USA is considered one of the leading countries in research and development (R&D) and innovation. Indeed, the top countries by gross research and development expenditure in 2019, based on purchasing power parity calculations, are the USA, China, Japan, and Germany, which have invested about 581, 519, 193, and 123 billion US $, respectively.2 Since renewable energy production is an activity that impacts pollution while being relying on innovation, studying the interplay between these interesting variables could be of great interest particularly in the case of the USA. Recognizing the impor
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