Noncanonical Amino Acids Methods and Protocols

This volume covers some of the most widely used protocols on nanocanonical amino acids, providing details and advice for users to get each method up and running for their chosen application.  Chapters have been divided into three parts describing met

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Edward A. Lemke Editor

Noncanonical Amino Acids Methods and Protocols

Methods

in

Molecular Biology

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springernature.com/series/7651

Noncanonical Amino Acids Methods and Protocols

Edited by

Edward A. Lemke Structural and Computational Biology Unit & Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany; Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy and Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany

Editor Edward A. Lemke Structural and Computational Biology Unit & Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit EMBL Heidelberg, Germany Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy and Geosciences Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) Mainz, Germany

ISSN 1064-3745     ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-7573-0    ISBN 978-1-4939-7574-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7574-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964669 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Humana Press imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media, LLC The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A.

Preface Over billions of years of evolution, nature has developed multiple types of organisms from just “20 + 2” naturally occurring amino acids. Over roughly the last three decades, mankind equipped itself with the tools for expanding the genetic code in ways that theoretically could enable us to extend this number to infinity. Only a few years ago, papers reporting on genetic code expansion typically started