Unnatural Amino Acids Methods and Protocols
Even though they are present in nature, non-proteinogenic amino acids are usually defined as unnatural or non-natural. Beside their structural diversity, interest in these compounds is due to their occurrence in nature, their biological properties, the an
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY™
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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Unnatural Amino Acids Methods and Protocols Edited by
Loredano Pollegioni Università degli studi dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
Stefano Servi Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Editors Loredano Pollegioni Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari Università degli studi dell’Insubria Varese, Italy [email protected]
Stefano Servi Politecnico di Milano Milano, Italy [email protected]
ISSN 1064-3745 e-ISSN 1940-6029 ISBN 978-1-61779-330-1 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-331-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-331-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011936747 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Even though nonproteinogenic amino acids are present in nature, they are usually defined as unnatural or nonnatural, meaning that they are other than the 22 natural L-A-amino acids (L-A-AAs) constituting natural peptides and proteins. The definition usually adopted is not specific for defined structural classes since among the group there are L-A-AAs differing in their chemical structure, A-AAs of D-configuration, non-A-AAs of both absolute configurations. Besides their structural diversity, interest in these compounds is due to a number of reasons such as their occurrence in nature their biological properties their biosynthetic pathway (often related to posttranslational modification of natural AAs) and the enzymes acting on them the chemical and enzymatic methods for their production the analytical aspects their use as probes their incorporation into peptides and proteins (and the related biotechnological uses). The volume of Methods in Molecular Biology series entitled “Unnatural Amino Acids” with the well-established format of detailed experimental procedures in the step-by-step protocols approach (an introductory overview, a list of the materials and reagents needed to complete the experiment, followed by a detailed procedure supported with a helpful notes section offering tips and tricks of the trade as we
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