Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-respiratory involvement
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(2020) 14:32
The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology
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Open Access
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-respiratory involvement Eman Sobh1,2* , Einas Abuarrah3 , Khloud Gamal Abdelsalam4 , Sohaila Sabry Awad5 , Mohamed Ahmed Badawy6 , Mohamed A. Fathelbab7 , Mohamed Ahmed Aboulfotouh6 Mohamed Fawzi Awadallah2,8
and
Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging pandemic that affected millions of people worldwide caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first cases reported suffered from respiratory symptoms. Main body: Various extrapulmonary manifestations were linked to COVID-19 in several reports including cardiovascular, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and skin. It is important that every clinician should be aware of these non-respiratory manifestations for early diagnosis and prompt management. This review aims to summarize the different extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 disease and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary care. Conclusion: COVID-19 is a disease of multi-organ involvement. Manifestations may vary depending on which organ is involved. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Extrapulmonary manifestations, SARS-CoV-2, Symptoms, Non-respiratory
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2). It has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an international pandemic [1, 2]. SARS-CoV-2 primary attacks the lower respiratory system causing viral pneumonia, but it may also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, liver, kidney, and central nervous system leading to multiple organ failure [3]. Several comorbidities have been identified as risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease. The most prevalent comorbidities detected in different studies were hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), respiratory diseases, and obesity [4–7]. In this review, we will through light on extrapulmonary manifestations caused by COVID-19 and their impact on * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Chest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 2 Respiratory Therapy Department, College of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
outcome and case management which indicates a great need for multidisciplinary team. The exact mechanism of extrapulmonary manifestations is still under research; several factors have been proposed either direct or indirect injury secondary to the inflammatory response to the viral injury [8, 9]. SARS-CoV-2 infection begins when the viral surface spike protein (S) binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors (ACE2) receptor following activation of the spike protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) that facilitates S protein priming [10]. ACE2 receptors are expressed in th
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