Nuclear reactions in the Pd/PdO:D x and Ti/TiO 2 :D x systems excited by ionizing radiation
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, PARTICLES, FIELDS, GRAVITATION, AND ASTROPHYSICS
Nuclear Reactions in the Pd/PdO:Dx and Ti/TiO2:Dx Systems Excited by Ionizing Radiation I. P. Chernova, A. S. Rusetskiib, D. N. Krasnova, V. V. Larionova, B. F. Lyakhovc, E. I. Sauninc, Yu. I. Tyurina, and Yu. P. Cherdantseva a National
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Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050 Russia Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, Moscow, 119991 Russia email: [email protected] c Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow, 119991 Russia Received October 18, 2010
Abstract—The yield of the products of nuclear reactions from deuterated palladium and titanium irradiated by an electron beam and X rays has been studied. Charged particles have been detected by CR39 track detec tors, which are not sensitive to electronic noise, electrons, and Xray photons. To identify the type of particles and to estimate their energy, three detectors covered by aluminum and copper foils of various thicknesses have been used. It has been established with reliable statistics that 30keV electrons and X rays initiate the synthesis of deuterons in the Pd/PdO:Dx and Ti/TiO2:Dx systems with the yield of 3MeV protons. DOI: 10.1134/S1063776111050104
1. INTRODUCTION It was shown in [1–3] that deuterium D (hydrogen H) atoms in metals can accumulate the energy of ionizing radiation (accelerated electrons and X rays); as a result, a deuterium (hydrogen) subsystem is trans ferred to an excited state and the energy of deuterium (hydrogen) atoms in it becomes an order of magnitude higher than the energy of matrix atoms. This is con firmed by the following experimental facts: intense migration and yield of hydrogen isotopes from metals irradiated at room temperature and lower, yield of hydrogen (deuterium) atoms from the entire sample irradiated by a focused electron beam (the diameter of the beam is much smaller than the size of the target), yield of hydrogen (deuterium) atoms from the entire surface of the sample even when only a small part of the sample is irradiated; this fact indicates that irradiated atoms acquire energy enough to overcome the barrier on the surface of metals (higher than 1 eV). It is known that accelerated electrons and X rays lose energy in a solid due primarily to the excitation of its electronic subsystem. The lifetime of these excita tions in metals is very short, about 10–15 s. How does the electronic subsystem in PdDx transfer the absorbed energy to hydrogen (deuterium) atoms throughout the crystal? This question was answered when studying the evolution of the electronic structure and the excitation spectrum of metals saturated with hydrogen to various extents.
Ab initio investigation of the electronic structure and spectrum of collective electronic excitations in Pd and PdHx was performed in [4, 5], where it was found that bonding and antibonding states of PdHx are local, indicating that oscillations of the electron density, which correspond to the do
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