Numerical analysis of economic and environmental benefits of marine fuel conversion from diesel oil to natural gas for c
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Numerical analysis of economic and environmental benefits of marine fuel conversion from diesel oil to natural gas for container ships Ahmed G. Elkafas 1
&
Mohamed M. Elgohary 1 & Mohamed R. Shouman 2
Received: 3 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Shipping is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions. These emissions mainly come from using diesel fuel for power generation. In this paper, the natural gas is proposed as an alternative marine fuel to be used instead of conventional marine diesel oil. Numerical analysis of environmental and economic benefits of the natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine is carried out. As a case study, a container ship of class A7 owned by Hapag-Lloyd has been investigated. The results show that the proposed dual-fuel engine achieves environmental benefits for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 20.1%, 85.5%, 98%, 99%, and 55.7% with cost effectiveness of 109, 840, 9864, 27761, and 4307 US$/ton, respectively. The results show that the conversion process to the dual-fuel engine will comply with the current and future IMO regulations regarding air pollutant emissions. On the other hand, using the proposed dual-fuel engine on the container ship will improve the ship energy efficiency index by 29.6 % with annual fuel cost saving of 4.77 million US dollars. Keywords Natural gas . Energy Efficiency Design Index . Ship emissions reduction . Cost-effectiveness . Container ship . IMO regulations
Introduction Marine fuels play a major role in the growth of global seaborne trade despite the environmental problems it causes due to the emissions resulting from its combustion (Kim et al. 2015). Recent statistics from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) indicates that ships emit a huge amount of sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (Elkafas et al. 2019). Moreover, Ammar and Seddiek (2020a) Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Ahmed G. Elkafas [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
2
Department of Marine Engineering Technology, College of Maritime Transport & Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
showed that ships are responsible for 4%, 2.6%, and 6.6% of the global SOx, CO2, and NOx emissions, receptively. As a result of the continuous increase of pollutants emitted from ships, the IMO issued several rules to limit this increase, under Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) convention. This was represented in the issuance of regulation 13 to reduce pollutants of SOx and regulation 14 to eliminate NOx emissions (Ya
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