Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves during the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide at the Jinsha River
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Yu-xiang Hu I Zhi-you Yu I Jia-wen Zhou
Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves during the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide at the Jinsha River
Abstract Landslides at river embankments can block watercourses, imperiling the safety of vessels and downstream hydropower stations. The Baige landslide, which occurred on 11th October 2018, is taken as an example to study the landslide motion and landslide-generated wave evolutions. The elasto-viscoplastic and renormalization group (RNG) turbulence models are employed in the FLOW3D software, treating the motion of the Baige landslide as a viscous flow. Numerical results show that the maximum velocity of the slide was approximately 75 m/s when entering the Jinsha River. Further, the waves triggered by massive debris avalanches at three different locations are investigated. The maximum velocity of the landslide-generated wave and the maximum run-up in the Jinsha River reached 45 m/s and 53.9 m, respectively, on the slide axis. The maximum run-up terrain elevation of the wave was 3039.7 m. The simulation results are basically consistent with the actual field observations and fit well with high-speed flow-like landslides. In this case, the displaced water was dominant due to the significant volume of the failure mass and the shallow watercourse of the Jinsha River. The rundown waves located on the source region axis contribute to the rise of water level downstream and upstream. The results from this case study serve as a practical inspiration for research on disaster processes. Keywords Baige landslide . Mass movement . Landslidegenerated wave . FLOW3D Introduction Landslides are a typical geologic hazard in mountainous countries, and secondary hazards, such as landslide dams and landslidegenerated waves, can cause severe problems that reduce the reservoir capacity and cause economic losses (Zhou et al. 2016b; Hu et al. 2020). A landslide-generated wave impacting a bank can influence the stability of the embankment (Heller and Spinneken 2013; Lindstrøm 2016). Any type of geophysical mass flow in dam reservoirs, such as debris flows, debris avalanches, landslides, and rockfalls, may generate large impulsive waves that can cause serious damage to human lives, reservoirs, dam bodies, adjacent hydraulic structures, and agricultural or residential areas, and may further provide a potential trigger for secondary landslides (Ataie-Ashtiani and Shobeiry 2008; Ataie-Ashtiani and Yavari-Ramshe 2011). Many catastrophic landslides occurred in recent years. On 13th July 2003, the Qianjiangping landslide, with a volume of approximately 2.4 × 107 m3, detached on the western side of the Qinggan River (a tributary of the Yangtze), produced a wave with a maximum height of 39 m and killed 13 people on the slope and 11 fishermen on boats (Yin et al. 2015). On 2nd September 2014, the Shanshucao landslide, with a volume of 4 × 107 m3, occurred on the left bank of the Luogudong River (a tributary of the Yangtze) and destroyed a small local hydropower station with the direct
economic loss
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