Nutrition and the Adaptation to Endurance Training
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Nutrition and the Adaptation to Endurance Training Keith Baar
The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Maximizing metabolic stress at a given level of mechanical stress can improve the adaptive response to endurance training, decrease injury, and potentially improve performance. Calcium and metabolic stress, in the form of heat, decreases in the adenosine triphosphate/ adenosine diphosphate ratio, glycogen depletion, caloric restriction, and oxidative stress, are the primary determinants of the adaptation to training. These stressors increase the activity and amount of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1a), a protein that can directly induce the primary adaptive responses to endurance exercise: mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and increases in fat oxidation. The activity of PGC-1a is regulated by its charge (phosphorylation and acetylation), whereas its transcription is regulated by proteins that bind to myocyte enhancing factor 2, enhancer box, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element sites within the PGC-1a promoter. This brief review will describe what is known about the control of PGC-1a by these metabolic stressors. As the duration of calcium release and the amount of metabolic stress, and therefore the activation of PGC-1a, can be directly modulated by training and nutrition, a simple strategy can be generated to maximize the adaptive response to endurance training.
K. Baar (&) Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, 174 Briggs Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction Every athlete knows that on race day he or she needs to be properly fueled to perform his or her best. However, when preparing for that day, does the same rule apply? As more is learnt about how the body responds to training it is becoming increasingly clear that in some instances it might be possible to get a better adaptive response if athletes are not fully fueled during certain training sessions. This brief review will discuss how nutrition can be used to maximize the adaptation to endurance training and how this can be used to promote healthy living in the general population and peak performance in elite athletes. The goal for any endurance athlete is to maximize power/velocity at lactate threshold as this is the best determinant of endurance performance [1]. Lactate threshold is the point at which lactate accumulation in the blood shifts from a linear to an exponential relationship with exercise intensity, or as in the case of the aforementioned study a 1-mmol/L increase in lactate levels above baseline [1]. Lactate accumulation is the result of both increased production and decreased clearance [2]. The production of lactate increases for two primary reasons. The first is that epinephrine, calcium, and free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels increase with exercise intensity. These factors activate glycoge
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