Observational Astrophysics

Written specifically for physicists and graduate students in astronomy, this textbook focuses on astronomical observation and on the basic physical principles that astronomers use to conceive, build and exploit their instruments at their ultimate limits i

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ASTRONOMY A:\fO ASTROPHYSICS LJBRARY

Series Editors:

I. Appenzeller, Heidelberg, Germany G. Borner, Garching, Germany M. Harwit, Washington, DC, USA R. Kippenhahn, Gottingen, Germany P. A. Strittmatter, Tucson, AZ, USA V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

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LIBRARY

Series Editors:

t\STRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY 1. Appenzeller . G. Borner . M. Harwit . R. Kippenhahn P. A. Strittmatter . V. Trimble Theory of Orbits (2 volumes) Volume 1: Integrable Systems and Non-perturbative Methods Volume 2: Perturbative and Geometrical Methods By D. Boccaletti and G. Pucacco Galaxies and Cosmology By F. Combes, P. Boisse, A. Mazure and A. Blanchard The Solar System 2nd Edition

By T. Encrenaz and J.-P. Bibring

The Physics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae By G. A. Gurzadyan Astrophysical Concepts 2nd Edition

By M. Harwit

Stellar Structure and Evolution By R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert Moderu Astrometry Supernovae

By J. Kovalevsky

Editor: A. Petschek

General Relativity, Astrophysics, and Cosmology By A. K. Raychaudhuri, S. Banerji and A. Banerjee Tools of Radio Astronomy 2nd Edition By K. Rohlfs and T. L. Wilson Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields Quantum Mechanical Treatment and Applications in Astrophysics and Quantum Chaos By H. Ruder, G. Wunner, H. Herold and F. Geyer The Stars

By E. L. Schatzman and F. Praderie

Gravitational Lenses

By P. Schneider, J. Ehlers and E. E. Falco

Relativity in Astrometry, Celestial Mechanics and Geodesy By M. H. Soffel The Sun An Introduction

By M. Stix

Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy Editors: G. L. Verschuur and K. I. Kellermann

2nd Edition

Reflecting Telescope Optics (2 volumes) Volume I: Basic Design Theory and its Historical Development Volume II: Manufacture, Testing, Alignment, Modem Techniques By R. N. Wilson Galaxy Formation By M. S. Longair Astrophysical Formulae 3rd Edition (2 volumes) Volume I: Radiation, Gas Processes and High-Energy Astrophysics Volume II: Space, Time, Matter in Cosmology By K. R. Lang

P. Lena F. Lebrun F. Mignard

Observational Astrophysics Translated by S. Lyle

Second Revised and Enlarged Edition With 254 Figures, 67 Tables and 61 Exercises

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Springer

Pierre Lena

Fran~ois

Observatoire de Paris-Meudon Universite de Paris VII 5, Place Jules Janssen F-92l95 Meudon Principal Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected]

Observatoire de la Cote d' Azur Centre de Recherche en Geodynamique et Astrometrie Av. Copernic F-06130 Grasse, France e-mail: [email protected]

Fran~ois

Lebrun

Mignard

Translator

Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique/Sac\ay DSMJDAPNIAlSAp F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France e-mail: [email protected]

Stephen Lyle 8, Impasse du Coteau F-69480 Pommiers, France e-mail: [email protected]

Cover picture: The array of six free-flying satellites (five 1.5-m telescopes plus a central interferometric recombinating hub) is a configuration studied since 1997 by the European Space Agency for the mission DARWIN, aimed at the detectio