Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes

Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes Stanislaw R. Massel Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland This book presents a comprehensive study on the breaking of surface waves induced by wind and the relationship

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ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES LIBRARY VOLUME 38

Editors Lawrence A. Mysak, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Kevin Hamilton, International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board L. Bengtsson A. Berger P.J. Crutzen J.R. Garratt G. Geernaert J. Hansen M. Hantel A. Hollingsworth H. Kelder T.N. Krishnamurti P. Lemke P. Malanotte-Rizzoli S.G.H. Philander D. Randall J.-L. Redelsperger A. Robock S.H. Schneider F. Schott G.E. Swaters J.C. Wyngaard

Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Université Catholique, Louvain, Belgium Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia DMU-FOLU, Roskilde, Denmark MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Universität Wien, Austria European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), De Bilt, The Netherlands The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A. Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Princeton University, NJ, U.S.A. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A. METEO-FRANCE, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Toulouse, France Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A. Stanford University, CA, U.S.A. Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A.

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes

Stanis ław R. Massel Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Stanisł aw R. Massel Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland Powsta ńc ów Warszawy 55 Sopot 81-712 [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940907 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-36638-8 ISBN-10: 0-387-36638-5

e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-69092-6 e-ISBN-10: 0-387-69092-1

Printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 Springer Science +Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science +Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

To my wife Barbara

Preface The atmosphere and the ocean form a coupled system which exchanges heat, momentum and water at the air–sea interface. The interface is dynamic and masses and energy are continually tr