Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels Clinical Significance Update
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NOVEL + EMERGING RISK FACTORS (K NASIR, SECTION EDITOR)
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels Clinical Significance Update H. Robert Superko & Alex R. Superko & Gina P. Lundberg & Basil Margolis & Brenda C. Garrett & Khurram Nasir & Arthur S. Agatston
Published online: 26 September 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
ABSTRACT The potential benefit of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) consumption to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains controversial. Some investigations report reduced CVD risk associated with fish or fish oil consumption while others report no benefit. This controversy is in part resolved when consideration is given to omega-3 blood levels in relation to CVD risk as well as blood levels achieved in clinical This article is part of the Topical Collection on Novel + Emerging Risk Factors H. R. Superko (*) Cholesterol, Genetics, Heart Disease Institute, Mercer University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 40 Bear Paw, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. R. Superko M3 Environmental, 1820 Vallejo St, Seaside, CA 93955, USA e-mail: [email protected] G. P. Lundberg : B. Margolis Emory Saint Joseph’s Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, 5673 Peachtree Dunwoody Rd, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
trials of omega-3 supplementation and CVD benefit. There is a wide variation in omega-3 blood levels achieved between individuals in response to a given dose of an omega-3 supplement. Many studies tested a daily dose of 1 gram omega-3 supplementation. The individual variation in blood omega-3 levels achieved in response to a fixed daily dose helps to explain why some individuals may obtain CVD protection benefit while others do not due to failure to achieve a therapeutic threshold. Recent development of a population range in a United States population helps to provide clinical guidance since population omega-3 blood level ranges may vary due to environmental and genetic reasons. Omega-3 supplementation may also be of benefit in reducing the adverse impact of air pollution on CVD risk. Key words Fish oil . Eicosapentaenoic acid . Docosahexaenoic acid . EPA . DHA . Cardiovasculardisease . Heart disease . Myocardial infarction . Sudden death, Fatty acid . n-3 fatty acid . Omega-3 . Blood measurement . Polyunsaturated fatty acid . n-3 PUFA . Population distribution . Coronary artery calcium
G. P. Lundberg e-mail: [email protected] B. Margolis e-mail: [email protected] B. C. Garrett Cholesterol, Genetics, Heart Disease Institute, 40 Bear Paw, Portola Valley, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. Nasir : A. S. Agatston Baptist Healthcare System, Florida State University School of Medicine, 1691 Michigan Ave. Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139, USA K. Nasir e-mail: [email protected] A. S. Agatston e-mail: [email protected]
Intoduction The new AHA Cholesterol guidelines suggest determining statin treatment strategy based on the risk classification of the patient [1]. While this is a commendable approac
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