Oocyte Vitrification and Current Clinical Applications
Oocyte cryopreservation has become a great alternative for many women who need to preserve their fertility, especially for those suffering from cancer malignancy, in whom, independently of age, there is a great need to safeguard their reproductive capacit
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Oocyte Vitrification and Current Clinical Applications Ana Cobo 55.1
Introduction – 678
55.2
Cryobiology Background – 678
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Contribution of Oocyte Vitrification to Clinical Practice – 679
55.3.1 55.3.2 55.3.3
Ovum Donation Programs – 679 Fertility Preservation – 681 Low-Responder Patients – 682
55.4
Practical Aspects of Oocyte Vitrification – 684
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Laboratory Procedure – 684
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Equipment and Facilities – 685
Review Questions – 685
References – 686
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Z. P. Nagy et al. (eds.), In Vitro Fertilization, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43011-9_55
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thousands of cells, i.e., semen samples, in which the damage could be compensated in different proportions. 55 To understand the basic principles of vitrification and Other major factors responsible for the high oocyte senhow we can achieve it in our clinical settings sitivity to cryopreservation include chilling injury and intra55 To analyze the contribution of oocyte vitrification to cellular ice crystal formation. These factors are related to the clinical practice cryopreservation method. There are two main strategies in 55 To describe the methodology, logistics, and technical cryobiology: slow freezing and vitrification. During the foraspects related to oocyte vitrification mer, the cells are gradually dehydrated in the presence of CPAs, and the temperature is lowered at a very slow cooling rate (−0.3 °C) [7]. In this way, the cells are exposed to low 55.1 Introduction temperatures during an extended period of time, which can The essential role of cryopreservation in ART has become lead to what is known as chilling injury [8]. At the final stage, obvious since the establishment of the infertility treatment, water solidifies into ice crystals. Chilling injury can be bringing flexibility and efficiency to the practice. Semen and defined as the irreversible damage following exposure of cells embryo cryopreservation has been a successful strategy, and to low temperatures, before the nucleation of ice [9]. This its routine application is a reality since the onset of the IVF detrimental event affects mainly the cytoskeleton [10] and practice. However, in spite of numerous studies conducted cell membranes [11]. The ice crystal formation within the over two decades, the reliability of oocyte cryopreservation is cytoplasm must be avoided at all cost in order to guarantee relatively recent. All of the efforts made are clearly justified, the survival and integrity of the cells when they are later mostly because an efficient oocyte cryopreservation program thawed. Chilling injury can be minimized during vitrificais actually quite welcome and widely applied in ART, since tion by the use of high cooling rates [12]. Vitrification, in particular by means of methodologies there are many indications for this strategy, including egg- that use a minimum volume, yields extremely successful banking for ovum donation. Beneficiaries of this approach outcomes, that have not been achieved with other inc
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