Optimal Operation of Electrified Railways with Renewable Sources and Storage
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Optimal Operation of Electrified Railways with Renewable Sources and Storage Surender Reddy Salkuti1 Received: 29 April 2019 / Revised: 13 September 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 © The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020
Abstract This paper proposes an approach for the optimal operation of electrified railways by balancing energy flows among energy exchange with the traditional electrical grid, energy consumption by accelerating trains, energy production from decelerating trains, energy from renewable energy resources (RERs) such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems, and energy storage systems. The objective function considered in this work is the minimization of total operating cost of electrified railway system consisting of cost of power generation from the external power system, cost of power obtained from RERs such as wind and solar PV sources, cost of power from storage systems such as battery storage and supercapacitors, and the income obtained by selling excess power back to the main electrical grid. This problem is formulated as an AC optimal power flow problem subjected to various equality and inequality constraints. In this work, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) are used to the uncertainties related to wind and solar PV powers. The proposed optimization problem is solved by using CONOPT solver of generalized algebraic modeling system (GAMS) software, which is a powerful and efficient optimization tool. The simulation results obtained with GAMS/CONOPT solver are also compared with meta-heuristic based differential evolution algorithm (DEA). Keywords Electrified railways · Battery storage · Supercapacitors · Renewable sources · Optimal operation · Regenerative braking
1 Introduction In recent years, sustainability is a key point in many research fields and domains. Railways systems are no different, and in the last few years, new technologies have established a new paradigm to create and develop a future sustainable railways. The demand for energy throughout the world has been growing rapidly. Therefore, there is a requirement for going towards renewable power. Denmark has set a target of 50% of its power demand from renewable energy resources (RERs) by 2030, whereas the European Union (EU) commission fixed a binding renewable energy target of at least 32% in the EU for 2030. Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind power and solar PV energy are often spatially distributed and inherently intermittent and unpredictable. The power output of RESs depends on the wind speed, solar * Surender Reddy Salkuti [email protected] 1
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Daejeon, South Korea
irradiation, and other climatic factors, which are uncertain and intermittent in nature. The present paper aims at optimal operation of railway systems with regenerative braking considering the smart grid paradigm where RERs such as wind and solar PV powers, energy storage systems battery storage and supercapacitors [1]. Nowadays
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