Optimisation of discharge characteristics on fully screen-printed ZnMnO 2 batteries by electrode rearrangement
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Optimisation of discharge characteristics on fully screen‑printed Zn|MnO2 batteries by electrode rearrangement Patrick Rassek1,2 · Erich Steiner3 Received: 6 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Electrical and electrochemical performance parameters of fully screen-printed primary zinc–manganese dioxide (Zn|MnO2) batteries were optimised by a simple electrode-rearrangement. Galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to study the effect of an increased electrode interfacial area on battery impedances. Initial charge transfer resistances could be decreased from 150 Ω to 50 Ω. Constant current discharge experiments revealed maximum areal capacities on same scale (2.4–2.6 mAh cm−2) but improved voltage stability on optimised coplanar battery layouts. The rearrangement of electrodes enables screen printing of thin film batteries with improved discharge profiles, increased current rate capability, and reduced internal impedances. Keywords Printed flexible battery · Electrode geometry · Zinc–manganese dioxide · Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy · Discharge performance
1 Introduction Screen-printed coplanar Zn|MnO2 batteries are intrinsically safe, low cost and highly flexible power sources to operate a variety of wearable sensing devices [1]. The internet of things (IoT) is predicted a high volume market for wearable and other autonomously operating printed electronics (PE) or flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) devices. Monitoring and tracking of vital signs in human healthcare [2–4] or shipping conditions of high-value goods in transport logistics [5] are primary markets for those smart devices. Recently, FHE smart labels and sensors were developed for large-area structural health monitoring (SHM) of architectural buildings [6] and for surveillance purposes in the agricultural sector [7]. Flexible printed batteries with life-cycle customised voltage levels and discharge capacities are required to enable measurements, data logging, and wireless communication * Patrick Rassek rassek@hdm‑stuttgart.de 1
Department of Packaging Technology, Stuttgart Media University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
3
Innovative Applications of the Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
with other devices via bluetooth low energy (BLE) or near field communication (NFC). Regulatory advantages, basic material processing, and battery fabrication at ambient conditions make printed zinc-based battery chemistries attractive for the implementation in afore mentioned PE or FHE devices [8]. Systematic approaches reporting on the optimisation of screen-printed stack-type [9, 10] and coplanar [1, 11–13] Zn|MnO2 batteries have recently been introduced. The coplanar battery construction principle is highly favoured due to the reduced overall thickness in the sub-millimetre ran
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