Optimization, modeling, and characterization of water treatment sludge modified by ultrasound-assisted acid activation f
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Optimization, modeling, and characterization of water treatment sludge modified by ultrasound‑assisted acid activation for enhancing of turbidity removal Danial Nayeri1,3 · Seyyed Alireza Mousavi1,2 Received: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of applying recovered water treatment sludge (WTS) as a low-cost coagulant using the acidification/sonification method for turbidity removal. The WTS was completely characterized by BET, XRD FTIR, and FESEM observation. The effects of the main variables including WTS dosage (50–250 mg/l), sedimentation time (10–50 min), initial turbidity (10–350 NTU), and pH values (5–9) have been assessed and optimized using central composite design through response surface methodology. The developed empirical model significantly predicts and supports the results. The results showed that the turbidity removal was approximately completed at pH 9, initial turbidity of 350 NTU, and sedimentation time of 10 min by applying 250 mg/l WTS. The turbidity removal at the optimum condition was 85.83%. The results of this study indicated a high potential for recycled WTS as a low-cost coagulant, which can be used in the full-scale application. Keywords Coagulant recovery · Ultrasound · Sludge · Coagulation · Turbidity · Water treatment
1 Introduction One of the most important challenges in developing countries is to provide cheap and safe drinking water. Among different pollutants, turbidity as a water quality indicator is the main parameter that must be determined before the selection of treatment techniques (Treacy 2019; Antov et al. 2018). Materials such as clay and silt along microorganisms can cause turbidity, which is one of the major concerns for human health (Adams and * Seyyed Alireza Mousavi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, and Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Mulaba-Bafubiandi 2014). Therefore, turbidity elimination is one of the most critical steps in the water treatment process (Senthil Kumar et al. 2016). The treatment of turbid water is normally carried out by the coagulation/flocculation (CF) process using chemical coagulants such as ferric chloride, polyaluminium chloride (PACl), and aluminum sulfate (alum), which are not cost-effectiveness (Muthuraman and Sasikala 2014). Keeley et al. (2016) reported that about 5% of total operating costs in treatment plants are related to the coagulation–flocculation unit (Keeley et al. 2016). This cost is typically attributed to the coagulant purchasing, pH adjustment, and the costs assoc
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