POPs and their ecological risk in sewage sludge of waste water treatment plants in Beijing, China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
POPs and their ecological risk in sewage sludge of waste water treatment plants in Beijing, China Cao Liu • Kun Li • Liqin Yu • Yiping Xu • Bingbin Huang • Jingdong Wu • Zijian Wang
Published online: 1 February 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract The concentrations of three classes of persistent organic compounds (POPs) in the sewage sludge from 12 Beijing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated and their ecological risks were assessed. The concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 27 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludge were measured using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) technique. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 445.1 to 3,586.4 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), and the sum of the phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), naphthalene (Nap), fluoranthene and chrysene accounted for 69.3–97.0 % of the total PAHs. The most abundant compounds present were 2-ring and 3-ring Ant, Phe and Nap, indicating a possible petrogenic source. Total PCBs concentrations were ranged between 3.2 and 21.8 ng g-1 dw. Total OCPs concentrations ranged from 38.0 to 143.3 ng g-1 dw, and the sum of total DDT, HCB and HCHs accounted for 69.6–97.7 % of the total OCPs. The levels of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in this study were comparable to or lower than those reported in
C. Liu Y. Xu Z. Wang (&) State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] C. Liu B. Huang J. Wu Beijing Hydraulic Research Institute, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China K. Li L. Yu Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-power Research, Beijing 100038, People’s Republic of China
relatively WWTPs from other regions. In addition, they were also shown to have various distribution patterns, possibly due to their different wastewater sources. The 12 WWTPs may be classified into 4 groups because of their different sources of waste water based on cluster analysis. The ecological risk assessment shows that the concentraP tions of Ant or Fla at two sites, p,p0 -DDE and DDT at 83 % of the 12 sites may cause adverse ecological effects. Keywords Beijing
PAHs PCBs OCPs Sewage sludge
1 Introduction Sewage sludge is an unavoidable by-product of the sedimentation processes throughout primary and secondary waste water treatment processes. It is reported that 6.2 million tons dry matter (dm) is produced annually in the United States (Harrison et al. 2006). The total amount of sewage sludge produced in the EU is expected to be 12 million tons in 2020 (EC 2008), and in China its production is about 1.3 million tons per year (Zhang et al. 2006). Sewage sludge contains nutrients and organic matter that can help to improve soil productivity, and are widely used as soil amendments. Land application of treated sewage sludge has been adopted wor
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