Optimization of polyphenolic compounds extraction methods from Okra stem
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of polyphenolic compounds extraction methods from Okra stem Somayeh Amirabbasi1 · Amir Hossein Elhamirad1 · Mohammad Reza Saeediasl1 · Mohammad Armin1 · Seyed Hamid Reza Ziaolhagh2 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Conventional solvent extraction (CSE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have used to recover phenolic substances from Okra stem (as a related agro-industrial waste). The influences of three extraction methods in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (AA) and extraction yield (EY) of Okra stem are investigated and compared. The DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching methods are used for determining AA. The phenolic compounds’ values existing in Okra stem are determined by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The optimized MAE has been compared with both optimized CSE and UAE. The results show that the former method gives the higher TPC (69.99 mg GAE g−1) in the shorter time as compared to CSE and UAE methods by about 89% and 78.17%, respectively. The UAE method shows the best performance in AA (53.06%, 60.10%, 0.94 mM TE g DE, and 69.27% for DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching, respectively) and EY with the content of 19.24%. Regarding the phenolic profile, catechin derivative (9.45 mg g−1) is the main compound which is found in the extracts as well as hydroxycinnamic derivative (9.11 mg g−1) and flavonol (4.99 mg g−1). The obtained results indicate that Okra stems have the capability of being productive sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Keywords Phenolic compounds · Antioxidant activity · Microwave-assisted extraction · Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Introduction The Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) which is also called ladies’ fingers, bamia, bhindi or gumbo is an important vegetable and it is used as a medication by many people [1–3]. It is a whole-year-long plant native to Africa and has been cultivated in various countries around the world particularly in tropical, subtropical, warm and temperate regions [3]. Okra is a rich source of minerals, vitamins (especially vitamin C and A [4], protein [5, 6], dietary fibers, calcium [4] and bioactive chemicals [7]. Regarding its various biological activities, Okra has various health benefits including its cholesterol-binding capacity, anti-diabetic * Amir Hossein Elhamirad [email protected] 1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran
2
effects, lowering of high blood pressure, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms, using as bone scaffold [2] and serving as a new immune system and as a medication for diabetic nephropathy [7]. Okra is a rich phenolic source [4, 5] and it
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