Optimization of pulsed-mode ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel using response s
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of pulsed‑mode ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology Ankit Kumar1 · Pavuluri Srinivasa Rao1 Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, a pulsed mode ultrasound assisted extraction was performed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel. Box-Behnken experimental design combined with response surface methodology, was applied for the optimization of process conditions. The independent variables investigated were ultrasound amplitude (50–80%), sonication time (5–15 min), duty cycle (0.2–0.8), and methanol concentration (30–70%) to maximize the yield of total phenolic content, flavonoid content, total condensed and hydrolysable tannin (TCT and THT respectively), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). The experimental results were fitted to quadratic models, and statistical analysis in terms of multiple regression, and analysis of variation was carried out for each response variable. The optimum predicted values of the response variables were obtained at 70% methanol concentration, 12.8 min of sonication treatment at a duty cycle of 0.58, and 80% ultrasound amplitude. A comparative analysis at optimized condition showed better recovery of bioactive compounds in pulsed mode, compared to continuous mode of sonication. Correlation analysis of the response variables was done to find the associations among the variables. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis was done for better understanding of interactions among experimental treatments and responses. Keywords Pomegranate peel · Pulsed mode · Hydrolysable tannins · Condensed tannins · Multivariate analysis
Introduction Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit, known for its nutritional as well as nutraceutical values, belongs to Punicaceae family [1]. The fruit has around 52% of edible portion consisting of 78% juice and 22% seeds. The juice is known for its high bioactive properties, while the seeds are rich source of lipids, fibers, protein, and ash [2]. The remaining portion of fruit, consists of peel, which is generally considered as waste, and discarded. But, recent researches have proved high bioactive constituents in peel, making a wide scope for research. The pomegranate peel (PoP) is reported to have a lot of health promoting properties like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic properties, * Ankit Kumar [email protected] 1
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
anti-viral, chemo-preventive, anti-proliferic, and anti-fungal properties etc [1–4]. The major bioactive compounds present in PoP consist of different classes of polyphenol compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanin, phenolic acids, and hydrolysable tannins. The PoP has around 0.2–1% of
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