Optimizing a novel PPG sensor patch via optical simulations towards accurate heart rates
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TECHNICAL PAPER
Optimizing a novel PPG sensor patch via optical simulations towards accurate heart rates Eka Fitrah Pribadi1 • Rajeev Kumar Pandey1 • Paul C.-P. Chao2 Received: 15 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study proposes the design and optimization of the flexible OLED–OPD photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor patch to estimate the long time continuous heart rate. Using optical simulation, the distance between OLED–OPD and the aperture area of the OLED–OPD has been optimized to enhance the AC/DC ratio of the receive PPG signal. The optical simulation incorporates an empirical optical skin model. All the patches incorporate green OLED@525 nm wavelength and red OLED@630 nm wavelength. Simulation results show that the optimized AC/DC ratio of the cross-type patch for the green and the red OLED is 2.16% and 6.25%, respectively. Similarly, the optimized AC/DC ratio of the square-type patch for the green, and the red OLED is 9.6% and 5.8%, respectively. Experiment results show that the received PPG signal AC/DC ratio for the square type and cross-type are 2%@green OLED and 4.5% @green OLED, respectively. Also, the AC/DC ratio of the received PPG signal from the square type and cross-type are 1.4%@red OLED and 1.1%@red OLED, respectively. The AC/DC ratio is reduced because the skin and blood itself act as a lossy medium so that the DC signal increased more; as a result, the overall AC/DC ratio decrease. The best design of the optical patch is the square-type OPD patch due to the wide area of the OPD. The OLED drive current ranges between 0.1 and 0.4 mA. The average OPD current is 800 nA. The flexibility of the design PPG sensor patch is 130°. The non-invasive square-type PPG sensor patch is applied to the wrist artery of 40 subjects for sensing the PPG pulsation of the blood vessel. The heart rate measurement accuracy is 95%, whereas the standard error rate is 0.37 ± 1.96 bpm, respectively.
1 Introduction The need for mobile health care systems and the increased interest in fitness and wellness calls for more affordable, precise, and reliable bio-sensors embedded in the health care systems. Among biomedical technologies in development, the measurement of blood pressure, heart rate,
Eka Fitrah Pribadi and Rajeev Kumar Pandey contributed equally to this work as first author.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-020-04895-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Paul C.-P. Chao [email protected] 1
EECS International Graduate Program, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
SpO2, and blood flow has become very important, since heart disease are common causes for cardiovascular malfunction and abnormal heart rates (Gholipour et al. 2018a, b; Carpenter et al. 2020). Measurement methods
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