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InSb Based Microstrip Patch Antenna Temperature Sensor for Terahertz Applications Saber Helmy Zainud‑Deen1,2 · Hend Abd El‑Azem Malhat2   · Esraa Ahmed Ali El‑Refaay3

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Reconfigurable sensing antennas (RSA) play a significant role in modern internet-of-things (IOT)  applications. The RSAs are capable of transmiting and receiving electromagnetic waves besides sensing different enviroment parameters. This paper introduces a reconfigurable sensing microstrip patch antenna desinged to sense high temperature variations in harsh environment. The indium antimonide (InSb) semiconductor material is a temperature sensitive material employed in RSA designs in the Terahertz (THz) frequency band. An investigation of the temperature dependency of the  electrical properties of the InSbmaterial is introduced. The proposed sensing antenna introduces high sensitivity of 1.588 GHz shift in resonance frequency per unit change in temperature (Kelvin). The resonance frequency of the InSb sensor antenna is changed according to the surrounding environment temperature from 264 GHz to 502.2 GHz with a broadband tuning range of 90.2%. The InSb patch sensor have temperature sensing range of 150 K starting from 250 up-to 400  K. At 300  K the  InSb sensor antenna  proposes a peak gain of 6.4 dBi with impedance matching bandwidth of 9.57%. An equivalent circuit consists of five lumped elements is estimated for the InSb sensor antenna  using particle swarm optimization (PSO)  technique at different temperatures. At T = 250 K the maximum radiation efficiency is 2.5% and is increased up to 86.3% at T = 400 K. Keywords  Reconfigurable antenna · Temperature sensor · InSb material · Equivalent circuit

* Hend Abd El‑Azem Malhat [email protected] Saber Helmy Zainud‑Deen [email protected] Esraa Ahmed Ali El‑Refaay [email protected] 1

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Badr University in Cairo, BUC, Badr, Egypt

2

Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt

3

National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibīn al‑Kawm, Egypt



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S. H. Zainud‑Deen et al.

1 Introduction Future communications ensure a quick, dependable, and efficient connections between two or more devices through wireless communication technologies [1]. Wireless technologies have different forms as satellite, mobile, wireless network, infrared, and Bluetooth communications. Antennas have the major role in these systems [2]. The communication link between two different terminals is achieved when the transmitting or receiving antenna intercepts the electromagnetic wave (EMW) and transforms it to an electrical signal. Recent researches are focused on introducing antennas with different functions to adapt the new services provided by modern systems besides the EMW transmission and reception [3]. The reconfigurable antenna radiation properties are essential in modern communication systems to fulfil the user’s requirements [4]. Reconfigurable