Optoelectronic and Electronic Properties of Tetracyanoindane for Chemical Doping of Organic Semiconductors
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MRS Advances © 2019 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2019.299
Optoelectronic and Electronic Properties of Tetracyanoindane for Chemical Doping of Organic Semiconductors Jenna Crawford1,4, Harold O. Lee III1*, Sam-Shajing Sun1,2,3
1
Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
2
PhD Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
3
Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
4
Department of Biology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
ABSTRACT
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors is a common technique used to increase the performance numerous organic electronic and optoelectronic devices. Tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) is one of the most widely known p-dopants having the properties necessary to act as a strong electron acceptor. Despite its strong electron accepting abilities, F4-TCNQ is extremely expensive, making it less than ideal for large-area applications. Here, we introduce a small molecule called Tetracyanoindane (TCI) as a potential p-dopant. Widely known for its role in the field of non-linear optics, its high polarizability arises from the addition of four cyano-groups, which are electron withdrawing groups. The four cyano-groups are also seen in the F4-TCNQ molecule and contributes to the withdrawing strength alongside the four fluorine atoms present. We hypothesize that TCI could have similar accepting strength to F4-TCNQ and could potentially replace it as a cheaper alternative. In this study, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), UV-Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR), Photoluminescence (PL), Current-Voltage (IV) measurements analysis was conducted to compare the accepting strength of TCI and F4-TCNQ. Then, the two molecules were added to Poly-3-hexy-thiophene (P3HT) to observe how readily they dope the organic semiconductor.
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INTRODUCTION Conjugated polymers are considered the most convenient for developing electronic and optoelectronic devices that need flexibility, processability, chemical versatility, light weight, and cost efficiency [1]. One method of used to increase the efficiency of organic/polymeric electronic and optoelectronic devices molecular doping [2]. Doping involves the introduction of impurities or small molecules into a pure semiconductor host and serve as electron acceptors or donors either p- or ndoping the host [1,2]. Dopants for organic materials can essentially be viewed as oxidizing or reducing agents for p- and n- doping respectively [3]. P-type chemical dopants act as electron acceptors and are typically introduced into solutions and/or thin films. Tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) is a historically accepted p-dopant for numerous p-type semiconductors
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