Oral Rabies Vaccine Design for Expression in Plants
Vaccination is the sensitization process of the immune system against any pathogen. Generally, recombinant subunit vaccines are considered safer than attenuated vaccines. As whole pathogenic organisms are used in the immunization process, the attenuated v
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Introduction Vaccination involves the stimulation of the immune system to prepare it for the event of an invasion from a particular pathogen for which the immune system has been primed [1]. This will further produce pathogen-specific T and B cells for rapid proliferation and differentiation when natural pathogens will be encountered by immune system. Construction of vaccine in several cases has been hampered because of varying strains of the pathogen, antigen drift, antigenic shift, and other unrevealed mechanisms that make it hard to determine a suitable peptide sequence for the immune system priming. Although attenuated whole pathogens were frequently used for priming the immune system, but that has resulted in acquiring the same disease by few people after vaccination. Recombinant subunit vaccines are desirable as an alternative with potentially fewer side effects than delivering the whole organism. Recombinant subunit vaccine does not contain whole infectious agent and thus is safer to administer and prepare uniform doses [2]. Now with advancement in molecular biology techniques, it has become feasible to identify the candidate peptides or proteins that are associated with a particular disease development and can be potentially utilized to function as an effective subunit vaccine. Any part of the causal agent including proteins, long-chain carbohydrates, DNA, etc., can be used as a subunit vaccine to prevent and slow down the spread of disease. Though most of the known methods of vaccination have been effective against several diseases, nevertheless only oral vaccines can ease the discomfort associated with the mode of introduction of vaccines. Oral vaccines have been observed to stimulate production of mucosal antibodies more effectively than the injected ones. The body’s mucosal immune system works as a first line of defense
Sunil Thomas (ed.), Vaccine Design: Methods and Protocols, Volume 2: Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1404, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_36, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
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against many diseases. The bronchial system and gut are the two main sites for mucosal lymphoid tissues. An oral vaccine is much safer from the degradation by intestinal acidic pH and is able to produce IgA secretory antibody by stimulating mucosal immune system. However, most of the synthesized secretory antibodies are secreted through tears, saliva, and milk to protect the invasion of the pathogenic organism through these routes, but substantial amount of other antibodies are also present in the blood to tackle the invaded pathogens [3, 4]. Oral vaccination can be a good alternative where multiple booster and priming regimens are required. Rabies is acute progressive encephalitis which causes annually 60,000 human deaths worldwide [5]. It is caused by a promiscuous neurotropic virus Lyssavirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae. Rabies disease can spread through both wild and domestic animals. The first vaccine against rabies deve
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