Organic geochemistry indicates source-rock characteristics and hydrocarbon potential: A case study from Early Cretaceous
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Organic geochemistry indicates source-rock characteristics and hydrocarbon potential: A case study from Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation, southern Indus Basin, Pakistan Adeeb Ahmed 1 & Tahseenullah Khan 1 & Samina Jahandad 2 & Mohammed Hail Hakimi 3 & Aref A. Lashin 4 & Nor Syazwani Z. Abidin 5 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Shale samples from the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation were selected from a well in the southern Indus Basin, Pakistan, and were analyzed for geochemical parameters. The study investigates the source-rock characteristics and hydrocarbon-generation potential indicated by organic richness, organic-matter type, and thermal maturity. The high values of total organic carbon (TOC) content of the Sembar shales indicate favorable source-rock characteristics. The shale samples analyzed in this study have hydrogen index (HI) values in the range 43–238 mg HC/g TOC and oxygen index (OI) values in the range 14–151 mg CO2/g TOC. Accordingly, the organic matter is mainly type III, which is consistent with high amounts of terrestrial organic matter. The dominant presence of type III kerogen suggests mainly gas generation. According to geochemical-maturity indicators, the organic matter in the analyzed Sembar shale is thermally mature, having reached an early peak-window, but commercial amounts of oil and/or gas have not yet been generated. Therefore, further petroleum exploration at depth in the southern Indus Basin, mainly for gas production, is recommended. Keywords Organic geochemistry . Sembar Formation . Gas shale resource . Southern Indus Basin . Pakistan
Introduction The area of investigation, the southern Indus Basin in Pakistan, is a promising prospect area for hydrocarbon
Responsible Editor: Santanu Banerjee * Mohammed Hail Hakimi [email protected] 1
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
2
Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
3
Geology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6803 Taiz, Yemen
4
Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
5
Geosciences Department, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, Malaysia
exploration (Schenk et al. 2017; Ehsan et al. 2018). This basin is ~550 km long and ~ 250 km wide (Zaigham and Mallick 2000; Mozzaffar et al. 2002). Assessment of source rock potential is necessary for the evaluation of the sedimentary strata’s ability to generate petroleum (Dembicki 2017). Several geochemical studies have been conducted on the source-rock potential of the sedimentary strata, including the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation in different parts of the middle and southern Indus Basin (Ahmad et al. 2013; Aadil et al. 2014; Qayyum et al. 2016; Sheikh and Giao 2017; Nazir and Fazeelat 2017; Ahmad et al. 2018; Khalid
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