PAH bioaccumulation in two polluted sites along the eastern coast of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
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ORIGINAL PAPER
PAH bioaccumulation in two polluted sites along the eastern coast of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia A. El‑Maradny1,2 · M. M. El‑Sherbiny1,3 · M. Ghandourah1 · M. El‑Amin Bashir1 · M. Orif1 Received: 24 March 2020 / Revised: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulate in specific habitats and organisms, such as mangroves and benthic organisms, due to the PAHs’ direct attachment to sediments in the environment or the feeding activity of the organisms, especially in contaminated coastal areas. The present study investigates the effect of sewage effluents on the bioaccumulation of PAHs in two polluted sites along the coastal area of Jeddah city. PAH levels in the mangrove sediments, roots, and leaves ranged between 230.09 and 17.94, 32.79 and 409.86, and 111.14 and 795.2 ng/g, respectively, following the general trend of sediments sediments (Fig. 1). This PAH accumulation trend was consistent with the results of Li et al. (2014) in Shenzhen Mangrove (China); Shete et al. (2016) in Mumbai, India; and Bashir et al. (2017) on the eastern coast of the Red Sea. The average level of PAHs in the mangrove leaves was four times higher than the average level in the sediments. Regardless of whether PAHs entered through into the leaves via an atmospheric route or via translocation, these values are considered very high given the natural PAH dissipation from contaminated marine sediments.
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International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
Table 4 PAH concentrations (ng/g) in sediments in the study area Station
Σ PAHs in sediments
Σ PAHs in the gastropod
1A 2A 3A 4A
1056.46 493.87 120.87 89.18
265.96 113.21 113.50 186.98
1200 1000
ΣPAHs
800 600 400
St. 1A
St. 2A
St. 3A
Snails
Sediments
Snails
Sediments
Snails
Sediments
Snails
0
Sediments
200
St.4A
Fig. 2 Total PAHs concentrations (ng/g) in sediments and snail samples from Al-Arbaeen lagoon
PAH levels in the gastropod Littorina littorea and sediments in the Al‑Arbaeen Lagoon As some species of marine gastropods are consumed as human food, studying the levels of different contaminants in these gastropods is essential to promote human health (Philippe et al. 2005). The textural classification of the studied surface sediments from Al-Arbaeen Lagoon was predominately gravel/sand (sand range 44.54–79.33%). The total organic carbon content ranged between 3.01 and 12.99%, with an average of 6.99%; the highest value was recorded at station 1A (Table 1). Six parent congeners (NAP, ACY, FLR, PHE, ANT, and FLT) and four alkylated PAHs (2M-NAP, TeM-NAP, E-NAP, and DM-PHE) were detected in the sediment and gastropod samples from the Al-Arbaeen Lagoon (Tables 4 and 4S, 5S). Figure 2 shows the total PAH concentrations of the surface sediments and the gastropods from the four studied stations. In sediments, the total PAH concentrations ranged from 89.18 to 1056.46 ng/g with an average of 440.09 ng/g. The highest total PAH
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