PAMAM dendrimer-based macromolecules and their potential applications: recent advances in theoretical studies
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PAMAM dendrimer‑based macromolecules and their potential applications: recent advances in theoretical studies S. Mahmood Fatemi1 · Seyed Jamilaldin Fatemi1 · Zeynab Abbasi2 Received: 5 December 2019 / Revised: 5 December 2019 / Accepted: 13 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The dendrimer has a high degree of geometric symmetry, a precise and controllable molecular size, a large number of surface-active functional groups, a rich cavity inside the molecule, and a controlled molecular chain growth. The unique structural properties of the above-mentioned macromolecules have made it a research hot spot in many fields. Molecular simulation technology, as a new scientific research method, plays an important role in the basic theory and applied research of dendrimers. This paper reviews the basic progress of molecular simulation technology in the field of dendrimers in recent years, including the application of dendrimers in medicine, DNA, pharmaceutical carriers, proteins, amino acids, and so on. Keywords Macromolecule · Dendrimer · PAMAM · Molecular dynamics simulation
Introduction The important member in the macromolecular system is dendrimers. Dendrimer is firstly reported in 1978 by Vögtel et al. by applying Michael addition and reduction approaches [1]. They succeeded to synthesize a branched tripropylamine-based macromolecule by utilizing a primary amine and acrylonitrile to give a dinitrile, which called it a cascade molecule. Following this achievement, Tomalia et al. synthesized branched polyamide-amine (PAMAM) for the first time in 1985 [2]. Accordingly, * Seyed Jamilaldin Fatemi [email protected] * Zeynab Abbasi [email protected] S. Mahmood Fatemi [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169‑133, Iran
2
Faculty of Chemistry, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Polymer Bulletin
the word of dendrimer as a specific member of macromolecule has become popular in scientific researches since the 1990s. In this regard, Tomalia and Fréchet wrote an interesting review article about the historical perspective concerning the discovery of dendrimers [3]. The features of a dendrimer are an exact molecular structure, a precise molecular weight, and monodispersity with repeated and regular branch [4]. Contrary to linear polymers, dendrimers illustrate a unique class of synthetic polymers, highly rigid and strongly branched molecules which can be synthesized from a branch point or central segment [5]. In general, a dendrimer consists of three distinct segments: a core, scaffold, and surface structure. The core is placed in the center of the molecule and attached with a given number of branches which are called dendrons. Each dendron is composed of the scaffold (number of branching points) and surface groups. The number of branches characterizes the generation and the scale of a dendrimer, i.e., the number of branch points, the functionality, and the len
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