Patterns of groundwater chemistry: implications of groundwater flow and the relation with groundwater fluoride contamina
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Patterns of groundwater chemistry: implications of groundwater flow and the relation with groundwater fluoride contamination in the phreatic aquifer of Odisha, India Sudarsan Sahu 1
&
Utpal Gogoi 1 & Nirad Chandra Nayak 1
Received: 9 February 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract The work analyzes the patterns of quality parameters and hydrochemical facies of 1105 nos (n = 685 in hard rock; n = 420 in alluvium) of groundwater samples drawn from the phreatic aquifer in Odisha, India. The study explores the possible relations of the groundwater chemistry including the fluoride (Fˉ) contaminations with the flow mechanisms. The hydrochemical facies types of Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3 characterize the groundwater discharge corridors lying close to the river valleys, and in parts of coastal alluvium, particularly in the Mahanadi deltaic region. In contrast, the facies types of Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl dominate the groundwater recharge areas, located at relatively higher elevations. The recharge areas in the state are largely free from groundwater Fˉ contamination. The study delineates the ratio of Ca2+/Na+ and its distribution patterns to interpret the source of Fˉ (> 1.0 mg/ L) in groundwater. The Ca2+/Na+ ratios of < 1.0 with Na-HCO3 (Cl) as the predominant hydrochemical facies types, indicates the geogenic source of groundwater Fˉ. Such groundwater samples are distributed close to the discharge corridors suggesting their longer resident time in the aquifer system and enrichment of Fˉ due to rock-water interaction along the flow paths. The Ca2+/Na+ ratios of > 1.0 are characterized by water types like Ca-Mg-HCO3 (Cl) of recent meteoritic origin. These are distributed in the groundwater recharge-midline areas where significant infiltration to groundwater occurs. The largest such cluster is observed in the Hirakud Canal Command area in the western parts of the state, indicating the role of anthropogenic sources of groundwater Fˉ contamination through irrigation return flows. Keywords Phreatic aquifer . Odisha . India . Groundwater quality . Hydrochemical facies . Fluoride . Patterns in chemistry
Introduction The quality of groundwater in different basins varies depending on the composition of infiltrating water (source of water), recharge rates, basin hydrogeology and geomorphology, aquifer framework mineralogy, groundwater flow rates (resident time of water in aquifers), climate, and anthropogenic inputs (Chebotarev 1955; White 1957; Ranganathan and Hanor 1987; Ophori and Toth 1989; Appelo and Postma 1993; Hounslow 1995; Stuyfzan 1999; Tiwari and Singh 2014; Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel * Sudarsan Sahu [email protected] 1
Central Ground Water Board, SER, Bhujal Bhawan, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India
Sahu and Saha 2015; Dedzo et al. 2017). Rock-water interactions involving the mineral dissolutions (silicates, carbonates, and evaporites) and precipitations and ion-exchange processes play significant roles in the evolution of groundwater chemistry (Howard and L
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