Patterns of mitochondrial DNA fragmentation in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Patterns of mitochondrial DNA fragmentation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage and artificial aging Yong-Bi Fu . Zaheer Ahmed . Hui Yang . Carolee Horbach . Gregory W. Peterson
Received: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 28 May 2020 Ó Crown 2020
Abstract Monitoring viability loss of seeds conserved ex situ for timely germplasm regeneration is a challenging task in germplasm management and conservation as the process of seed deterioration under long-term storage remains poorly understood and effective tools for assessing seed deterioration are lacking. This paper reports findings from four experiments that were aimed to study the fragmentation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) due to degradation in naturally or artificially aged (NA or AA) wheat seeds. Together, it was found that mtDNA fragmentation occurred in aged wheat seeds. More mtDNA fragmentation was observed in AA than NA seeds and degradation was more prominent in abnormal seedling tissues than in normal seedling tissues. Fragmentation of mtDNA was linearly associated with sample germination; more in less viable seed samples. Mitochondria (mt) in aged seeds were found to break throughout the mitochondrial genome with the observed loss of PCR amplification of atp1-5,
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00957-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y.-B. Fu (&) Z. Ahmed H. Yang C. Horbach G. W. Peterson Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
nad4.2, atp4, and nad9 gene loci and at the roughly 80 kb repetitive region. These findings are useful for understanding the process and involvement of mtDNA degradation in NA or AA wheat seeds and for further exploration to develop aging biomarkers for monitoring seed viability. Keywords Seed aging Wheat Ex situ conservation mtDNA alterations Oxidative phosphorylation Natural or artificial aging
Introduction There are 7.4 million accessions of seed germplasm that are currently conserved in 1750 gene banks around the world (FAO 2010). The long-term management of this large volume of valuable genetic resources is a challenging mission. Seeds in long-term storage will eventually lose their viability and consequently, monitoring seed deterioration over time is required for timely regeneration (Walters et al. 2005; van Treuren et al. 2013; Hay and Probert 2013). However, both viability monitoring and seed regeneration are costly operations and they can negatively affect the genetic integrity of an accession (Sackville Hamilton and Chorlton 1997). Germination test is the recommended method currently used to assess seed viability (Smith et al. 2003; FAO 2014). However, this method is not always precise for assessing seed
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Genet Resour Crop Evol
viability (Walt
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