Performance assessment of water reuse strategies using integrated framework of urban water metabolism and water-energy-p

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LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL BEST PRACTICE FOR WATER

Performance assessment of water reuse strategies using integrated framework of urban water metabolism and water-energy-pollution nexus Oriana Landa-Cansigno 1 & Kourosh Behzadian 2 & Diego I. Davila-Cano 3 & Luiza C. Campos 1 Received: 7 February 2019 / Accepted: 14 May 2019 # The Author(s) 2019

Abstract This paper evaluates the metabolism-based performance of a number of centralised and decentralised water reuse strategies and their impact on integrated urban water systems (UWS) based on the nexus of water-energy-pollution. The performance assessment is based on a comprehensive and quantitative framework of urban water metabolism developed for integrated UWS over a long-term planning horizon. UWS performance is quantified based on the tracking down of mass balance flows/fluxes of water, energy, materials, costs, pollutants, and other environmental impacts using the WaterMet2 tool. The assessment framework is defined as a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) within the context of the water-energy-pollution nexus. The strategies comprise six decentralised water reuse configurations (greywater or domestic wastewater) and three centralised ones, all within three proportions of adoption by domestic users (i.e. 20, 50, and 100%). This methodology was demonstrated in the real-world case study of San Francisco del Rincon and Purisima del Rincon cities in Mexico. The results indicate that decentralised water reuse strategies using domestic wastewater can provide the best performance in the UWS with respect to water conservation, green house gas (GHG) emissions, and eutrophication indicators, while energy saving is almost negligible. On the other hand, centralised strategies can achieve the best performance for energy saving among the water reuse strategies. The results also show metabolism performance assessment in a complex system such as integrated UWS can reveal the magnitude of the interactions between the nexus elements (i.e. water, energy, and pollution). In addition, it can also reveal any unexpected influences of these elements that might exist between the UWS components and overall system. Keywords Water-energy-pollution nexus . Urban water systems . Centralised and decentralised water reuse strategies . Urban water metabolism

Introduction The integral management of urban water systems (UWS) is primarily recognised for addressing services to water supply, stormwater and wastewater collection, and treatment within Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Luiza C. Campos [email protected] 1

Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E6BT, UK

2

School of Engineering and Computing, University of West London, St. Mary’s Rd, London W55RF, UK

3

Sistema Integrado de Tratamiento en los municipios de Rincón SITRATA, Camino a San Jerónimo s/n, col. San Jeronimo, 36407, Purisima, Guanajuato, Mexico

urban areas. The quality of the services provided in UWS can be evaluated by a number of performance criteria withi