Performance comparison of five metaheuristic nature-inspired algorithms to find near-OGRs for WDM systems
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Performance comparison of five metaheuristic nature‑inspired algorithms to find near‑OGRs for WDM systems Shonak Bansal1
© Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The metaheuristic approaches inspired by the nature are becoming powerful optimizing algorithms for solving NP-complete problems. This paper presents five nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms to find near-optimal Golomb ruler (OGR) sequences in a reasonable time. In order to improve the search space and further improve the convergence speed and optimization precision of the metaheuristic algorithms, the improved algorithms based on mutation strategy and Lévy-flight search distribution are proposed. These two strategies help the metaheuristic algorithms to jump out of the local optimum, improve the global search ability so as to maintain the good population diversity. The OGRs found their potential application in channel-allocation method to suppress the four-wave mixing crosstalk in optical wavelength division multiplexing systems. The results conclude that the proposed algorithms are superior to the existing conventional computing algorithms i.e. extended quadratic congruence and search algorithm and nature-inspired optimization algorithms i.e. genetic algorithms, biogeography based optimization and simple big bang– big crunch to find near-OGRs in terms of ruler length, total optical channel bandwidth and computation time. The idea of computational complexity for the proposed algorithms is represented through the Big O notation. In order to validate the proposed algorithms, the non-parametric statistical Wilcoxon analysis is being considered. Keywords Channel spacing · Conventional computing · Equally and unequally spaced channel allocation · Four-wave mixing · Metaheuristic · Nature-inspired algorithm · Nearoptimal Golomb ruler · Optimization
1 Introduction There exists a rich collection of nonlinear optical effects (Kwong and Yang 1997; Aggarwal 2001; Thing et al. 2004; Babcock 1953; Singh and Bansal 2013) in optical WDM systems, each of which manifests itself in a unique way. Out of these nonlinearities, the FWM * Shonak Bansal [email protected] 1
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Sector‑12, Chandigarh, India
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crosstalk signal is the major dominant noise effects in optical WDM systems employing equal channel spacing (ECS). Four-wave mixing is a third-order nonlinear optical effect in which two or more wavelengths (or frequencies) combine and produce several mixing products. For uniformly spaced WDM channels, the generated FWM product terms fall onto other active channels in the band, causing inter-channel crosstalk. The performance can be substantially improved if FWM crosstalk generation at the channel frequencies is prevented. The efficiency of FWM signals depends on the channel spacing and fiber dispersion. If the frequency separation of any two channels of an optical WDM system is different from that of any other pair of
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