Performance Evaluation of Indoor Localization Techniques Based on RF Power Measurements from Active or Passive Devices
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Performance Evaluation of Indoor Localization Techniques Based on RF Power Measurements from Active or Passive Devices Damiano De Luca,1 Franco Mazzenga,2 Cristiano Monti,2 and Marco Vari1 1 RadioLabs,
Consorzio Universit`a Industria-Laboratori di Radiocomunicazioni, Via A. Cavaglieri, 26, 00173 Roma, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Facolt` a di Ingegneria, Universit`a degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy Received 14 June 2005; Revised 10 May 2006; Accepted 18 May 2006 The performance of networks for indoor localization based on RF power measurements from active or passive devices is evaluated in terms of the accuracy, complexity, and costs. In the active device case, the terminal to be located measures the power transmitted by some devices inside its coverage area. To determine the terminal position in the area, power measurements are then compared with the data stored in an RF map of the area. A network architecture for localization based on passive devices is presented. Its operations are based on the measure of the power retransmitted from local devices interrogated by the terminal and on their identities. Performance of the two schemes is compared in terms of the probability of localization error as a function of the number (density) of active or passive devices. Analysis is carried out through simulation in a typical office-like environment whose propagation characteristics have been characterized experimentally. Considerations obtained in this work can be easily adapted to other scenarios. The procedure used for the analysis is general and can be easily extended to other situations. Copyright © 2006 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.
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INTRODUCTION
The availability of indoor localization information is helpful to improve existing communication services as well as to create novel and more appealing ones. Several localization techniques have been presented and discussed in the open literature [1–7]. Techniques in [3] focus on the extension of outdoor satellite systems such as the GPS (and in the very near future Galileo) for indoor operations. They use indoor GPS signal repeaters and high-sensitivity receivers for the position calculation of fixed or nomadic devices. Results are very interesting but the real-time tracking of indoor mobile terminals in every location inside the building could be problematic. Ultra-wideband-(UWB-) based communication networks currently under study [8, 9] also offer indoor localization at, practically, no additional costs. In fact, due to the very large bandwidth allocated to UWB signals, position information based on the time difference of arrival can be very accurate also for indoor environments. Even though UWB technology seems to be very promising, UWB-based localization systems and algorithms are still under study [9] and their performance could be compared with the results presented
in this paper that focus on other technologies and techniques for indoor localization. In order to improve existing commu
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