Personality Networks and Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Integrating Temperament and Character Using Latent Profile a
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Personality Networks and Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Integrating Temperament and Character Using Latent Profile and Latent Class Analyses Paulo A. S. Moreira1,2 · Richard A. Inman2 · C. Robert Cloninger3 Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recent research indicates that adaptive functioning and well-being depends on the integration of three dissociable systems of learning and memory that regulate associative conditioning, intentionality and self-awareness. Our study objective was to describe how different integrated configurations of these systems (i.e. different expressions of personality) relate to the presence of internalizing, externalizing and total problems. In total, 699 adolescents completed the JTCI and Achenbach’s YSR. Latent profile analyses revealed two temperament profiles and six character profiles. Adolescents with a steady temperament, and those with healthy characters, were significantly less likely to present clinical levels of problems. The integration of a steady temperament and healthy character profiles in a Mature-Steady joint temperament-character network was also associated with significantly less clinical problems. In sum, our person-centered study indicates that adaptive expressions of associative conditioning, intentionality, and self-awareness (i.e. integrated personalities) are critical for mental health. Keywords Temperament · Character · Personality networks · Behavioral · Emotional problems There is now a large body of evidence that suggests personality (one’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving) exists on the same spectrum of functioning as psychopathology [1, 2]. According to this perspective, psychopathology is a manifestation of extreme/maladaptive variants of normal personality. Thus, to improve the diagnoses, treatments and prognoses of patients with mental disorders it is vital to have an accurate model of how psychopathology * Paulo A. S. Moreira [email protected] Richard A. Inman [email protected] C. Robert Cloninger [email protected] 1
Instituto de Psicologia E de Ciências da Educação [Institute of Psychology and Education], Universidade LusíadaNorte (Porto), Rua Dr. Lopo de Carvalho, 4369‑006 Porto, Portugal
2
Centro de Investigação Em Psicologia Para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD) [The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center], Porto, Portugal
3
Department of Psychiatry, and Anthropedia Foundation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
relates to personality structure. As we shall make clear, a critical task in this endeavor is conducting research using models that integrate two components of personality that have traditionally been considered within different literatures: temperament traits and higher-order sociocognitive processes. There is considerable evidence that certain temperament traits pose a risk for psychopathology [3]. Cross-sectional [4] and longitudinal [5] studies have shown that temperament tra
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