Perspectives on the human dimensions of coral restoration
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REVIEW
Perspectives on the human dimensions of coral restoration Ross Westoby 1
&
Susanne Becken 1 & Ana Prieto Laria 1
Received: 18 November 2019 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coral reef systems are at the point where passive restoration measures may have to be complemented by active restoration to protect global reefs. No longer is habitat conservation enough with the level and frequency of reef disturbance. This review explores the ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approach of active coral restoration, with people at the centre of analysis. This paper undertakes a perspective review that collated (n = 37) academic papers and develops a ‘Human Dimensions of Coral Restoration Technology Adaptation’ framework that helps position the wide range of human dimensions of coral restoration studies. Seven phases were considered including assessing risks, assessing cost/benefits, understanding the socio-cultural context, implementing and technology transfer, managing conflict and maintaining success and scale-up of coral restoration. With every new restoration technology, calculating the micro- and macro-risks of such interventions is critical, followed by weighing up opportunity costs of such new technologies. People in situ hold the power to shape these restoration projects including the scientists envisioning these interventions, communities at grassroots, leaders that act as gatekeepers and businesses and tourists alike. Stakeholder management as well as the enabling governance arrangements are also critical strengthening opportunities to managing any potential underlying conflict that is possible between stakeholders. Keywords Coral gardening . Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) . Global reefs . Reef restoration . Stakeholders
Introduction Coral reef ecosystems are amongst the most productive systems on earth and provide habitat to over a million species (Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2018). In addition, they deliver invaluable ecosystem services, such as food and coastal protection (Wilkinson 2004), tourism and recreational opportunities (Brander et al. 2012) and intangible benefits such as identity and social and cultural connections (Westoby and McNamara
Communicated by Tony Weir Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01694-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ross Westoby [email protected] Susanne Becken [email protected] Ana Prieto Laria [email protected] 1
Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
2019). Yet, despite their value, anthropogenic impacts and pressures placed on coral reefs such as overfishing, pollution and coastal development have risen exponentially over the last 40 years. Coral bleaching is a growing catastrophe for reefs (Hughes et al. 2017a; Sully et al. 2019), and the rate of decline of reefs has been accelerating over the last decade (HoeghGuldberg et al. 2018). With the last 40 years of pressure, such
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