Phase and Microstructural Evolution of Calcium Aluminum Phosphate Cement for Potential Biological Applications: Effect o
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04299-x Ó 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
TECHNICAL ARTICLE
Phase and Microstructural Evolution of Calcium Aluminum Phosphate Cement for Potential Biological Applications: Effect of Aluminum Hydroxide Sources REYHANEH GOODARZI,1 HAJAR GHANBARI and HOSSEIN SARPOOLAKY1
,1,2
1.—School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran. 2.—e-mail: [email protected]
Calcium aluminum phosphate cement (CAPC) requires a practical composition for biological applications. This research aims to investigate the effect of aluminum hydroxide sources (aluminum hydroxide, boehmite, and hydratable alumina), where SECAR 71 cement and phosphoric acid are in the composition, regarding the mechanical, biological, and microstructural properties of CAPC. In vitro assessments were evaluated by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, and by MTT testing (cytotoxicity of MG-63 cells). The results revealed that the composition including hydratable alumina was superior concerning the lowest final setting time (50 min), in situ formation and growth of hydroxyapatite on its surface, as well as the compressive strength which reaches to 42 ± 10 MPa after 28 days in SBF solution. However, regarding the cytotoxicity, the cements consisting of boehmite have priority. A more detailed biological analysis is recommended to evaluate the clinical application of CAPC.
INTRODUCTION Different compounds of bone cement, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, and calcium aluminate are used in dental applications and medical surgeries.1–3 Moreover, dopants like halloysite clay,4 strontium,5 and strontium-doped calcium phosphate spheres6 in bone cements lead to the application of these cements in drug delivery.4 Despite all the advantages of PMMA cements, such as biocompatibility and high elastic modulus,7 the heat produced during polymerization is undesirable.3 Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), which are mostly based on calcium-deficient hydroxyaphighlight excellent biocompatibility,9 atite,8 10 injectability, and moldability. However, they suffer from low compressive strength and brittleness for load-bearing applications,11 and radiopacity.2,3 On the other hand, calcium silicate cements represent high compressive strength; even though the setting time is long and impractical.3 In addition, (Received November 10, 2019; accepted July 22, 2020)
calcium aluminate cements (CACs) demonstrate high initial mechanical strength, excellent flowability, biocompatibility,12 and long setting time.13 Therefore, to achieve better biocompatibility and higher strength, calcium aluminum phosphate cement (CAPC) has been considered. Various compositions are used for the production of CAPCs concerning the phosphate phase and doping elements. Generally, CAPC is prepared by the mixing of calcium-aluminate/calcium, phosphate/aluminum phosphate or calcium aluminate/ alumina
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