Phenazines as potential biomarkers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: synthesis regulation, pathogenesis and analytic
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FEATURE ARTICLE
Phenazines as potential biomarkers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: synthesis regulation, pathogenesis and analytical methods for their detection Lluïsa Vilaplana 1,2 & M.-Pilar Marco 1,2 Received: 13 December 2019 / Revised: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 4 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Infectious diseases are still a worldwide important problem. This fact has led to the characterization of new biomarkers that would allow an early, fast and reliable diagnostic and targeted therapy. In this context, Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be considered one of the most threatening pathogens since it causes a wide range of infections, mainly in patients that suffer other diseases. Antibiotic treatment is not trivial given the incidence of resistance processes and the fewer new antibiotics that are placed on the market. With this scenario, relevant quorum sensing (QS) molecules that regulate the secretion of virulence factors and biofilm formation can play an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic issues. In this review, we have focused our attention on phenazines, as possible new biomarkers. They are pigmented metabolites that are produced by diverse bacteria, characterized for presenting unique redox properties. Phenazines are involved in virulence, competitive fitness and are an essential component of the bacterial QS system. Here we describe their role in bacterial pathogenesis and we revise phenazine production regulation systems. We also discuss phenazine levels previously reported in bacterial isolates and in clinical samples to evaluate them as putative good candidates to be used as P. aeruginosa infection biomarkers. Moreover we deeply go through all analytical techniques that have been used for their detection and also new approaches are discussed from a critical point. Keywords Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Phenazines . Pyocyanin . Biomarker . Infection . Analytical detection methods
Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial human pathogen, which causes a broad spectrum of acute and chronic infections such as bloodstream infections in intensive care units (ICU), burn and chronic dermal wound infections, surgical site infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia and respiratory and urinary tract infections. P. aeruginosa has also been identified as the cause of bacterial outbreaks in neonatal Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. * Lluïsa Vilaplana [email protected] 1
Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
2
CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
intensive care units (NICUs) [1]. All these infections occur mainly in patients with other diseases or injuries, just as severe burn wounds, AIDS, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis (CF) [2] or
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