Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum chinense JACQ., Capsicu
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Phenological growth stages and BBCH‑identification keys of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum chinense JACQ., Capsicum baccatum L.) Falko Feldmann1 · Arsène Rutikanga1 Received: 1 September 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Since a decade, the need for experience transfer between production regions of chillies (Capsicum spp.) is developing worldwide. In order to ease communication, we propose here a new description and codification of phenological growth stages of Capsicum spp. according to a modified BBCH scale. In contrast to older descriptions basing on 2-digit macro-stages and 3-digit micro-stages, we use the meso-stages as own, independent codification element. Doing so, it was possible to combine qualitative and quantitative changes in growth stages within the 3-digit system. Keywords Capsicum annuum · Capsicum baccatum · Capsicum chinense · BBCH · Phenology · Growth stages
Introduction Worldwide, chilli production is an increasing production sector (Tridge 2020). Not only professional producers but also urban non-professional and community gardeners discover the economic and culinary potential of a huge number of chilli varieties belonging to different species, mostly to Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense and others (Ibiza et al. 2012). Manuals for the successful cultivation of Capsicum are developed in main production regions (e.g. MAF St Vincent and the Grenadines 2003, Sinha und Petersen 2011, Elephant Pepper Trust 2020). In all manuals, the description of phenological growth stages is very important. Generally, the measure “days after a certain management” or “days after sowing” is used to schedule the sequence of actions or to characterize certain properties (e.g. Jiménez-Leyva et al. 2017). The result is the validity of descriptions only for relatively restricted areas due to the impact of the regional or even local environmental factors. In 1992, Hack et al. established “A uniform code for phenological growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants, the extended BBCH scale”. This codification system allows * Falko Feldmann falko.feldmann@julius‑kuehn.de 1
Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
a description of genetically fixed developmental growth pattern of plants by a 2- or 3-digit numerical code. The general BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) has often been applied to plant groups first followed by a later specific interpretation of generalized descriptions (e. g. Acosta-Quezada et al. 2016). For solanaceous fruits, Feller et al. (1995) described a key for tomato, aubergine and bell pepper. When trying to apply the general key of Feller et al. (1995), last updated by Feller et al. (2018) to chilli (Capsicum spp.), we realized the impossibility for the efficient use of the code in practice of chilli production. The code mainly elaborated on tomato, auberg
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