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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Photobiomodulation by light emitting diode applied sequentially does not alter performance in cycling athletes Gabriela de Carvalho 1 & Aline Gobbi 1 & Ronaldo Bucken Gobbi 1 & Damião Miranda Ngonga Alfredo 1,2 & Thales Henrique do Carmo Furquim 1 & Rafael Inácio Barbosa 1 & Marcelo Papoti 1 & Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro 1,3 Received: 17 July 2019 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Analyze the effects of sequential application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) at different wavelengths on the performance of cycling athletes. Cyclists (48 male, mean age 33.77 years) underwent a performance evaluation through an incremental test, VO2max, blood lactate analysis, perception of effort, infrared thermography, and isokinetic evaluations. Photobiomodulation (180 J) with infrared (IR 940 ± 10 nm), red (RED 620 ± 10 nm), mixed Red, and IR (RED/IR 620 + 940 nm) or Sham (disabled device) intervention occurred on three consecutive days and was applied to the quadriceps femoris bilaterally. Reevaluations were performed 24 h after the last application, with 1 week of follow-up. A significance level of 5% was adopted, and the effect size (ES) was calculated by Cohen’s d. Results: There were no significant differences in the analyzed variables under any experimental condition (p > 0.005), but a moderate effect size was observed for torque peak at 60°/s on left lower limb (LLL) (ES = 0.67), average power at 60°/s of the right lower limb (RLL) (0.73), and LLL (ES = 0.65) and a considerable effect size in torque peak at 60°/s of the RLL (ES = 0.98) in the IR/RED group compared with sham 24 h after the last application. Moreover, a large effect size was observed for total time to exhaustion (ES = 1.98) and for VO2max (ES = 6.96), and a moderate effect size was seen for anaerobic threshold (ES = 0.62) in the IR/RED group compared with sham. Photobiomodulation, when not associated with training, was not able to produce a cumulative effect on the performance of cycling athletes. However, the association of two wavelengths seems to be better for increased performance. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03225976 Keywords Performance . Athletes . Fatigue . Photobiomodulation . Clinical trial

Introduction It is known that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is capable of generating intracellular modifications by increasing mitochondrial metabolism [1]. This increase is related to the absorption of light by chromophores, which are mostly concentrated in cytochrome C oxidase (Cox), present in complex IV of the electron transport chain [2]. Such absorption generates the photodissociation of the nitric oxide of this complex, * Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro [email protected] 1

Department of Healthy Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

2

Angola Methodist University, Luanda, Angola

3

Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900,