Photoinduced and Microbial Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Peroxides in Natural Waters
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in natural waters has been determined for the first time in 1925 by Harvey (Harvey 1925 ), who studied inshore and offshore water from the English Channel.
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1 Introduction The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in natural waters has been determined for the first time in 1925 by Harvey (Harvey 1925), who studied inshore and offshore water from the English Channel. The concentration of H2O2 has been determined in seawater in the 1970’s (van Baalen and Marler 1966) and in some Russian freshwaters in the 1980’s (Sinel’nikov 1971; Sinel’nikov and Demina 1974). In the same period the occurrence and concentration of H2O2 was being studied in air (Penkett et al. 1979; Lazrus et al. 1986; Sakugawa and Kaplan 1987), rain and cloud water, freshwater and coastal and open ocean waters (Cooper and Zika 1983; Draper and Crosby 1983; Helz and Kieber 1985; Lazrus et al. 1985; K. M. G. Mostofa (*) · C. Q. Liu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China e-mail: [email protected] H. Sakugawa Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan D. Vione Dipartimento Chim Analit, University Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, I-10095 Grugliasco, (TO), Italy D. Minakata School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, 828 West Peachtree Street, Suite 320, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA F. C. Wu State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang 100012, China
K. M. G. Mostofa et al. (eds.), Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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Zika et al. 1985a, b; Moffett and Zika 1987a; Palenic and Morel 1988; Cooper and Lean 1989; Hellpointner and Gäb 1989; Johnson et al. 1989). Starting from the 1980’s, organic peroxides (ROOH) have been detected in air (Sakugawa and Kaplan 1987; Lazrus et al. 1985; Hellpointner and Gäb 1989; Sauer et al. 2001), cloudwater and rain (Kelley and Reddy 1986). The ROOH concentrations have also been determined in freshwater (Mostofa 2005; Sakugawa et al. 2006; Mostofa and Sakugawa 2009) and seawater (Sakugawa et al. 2000; Gerringa et al. 2004). Recent studies have demonstrated that natural sunlight or solar radiation is a key factor for the generation of H2O2 and ROOH in the atmosphere and in natural waters. Microbial processes can produce small amounts of both H2O2 and ROOH in living organisms (Kim and Portis 2004; Boveris et al. 2006; Grivennikova et al. 2008; Roy and Atreja 2008) as well as in the deeper water layers (i.e., under dark conditions) of river, lake and marine environments (Komissarov 2003). H2O2 is found to link with the occurrence of oxygenic photosynthesis in both higher plants (Komissarov 1994, 1995, 2003) and natural waters (Mostofa et al. 2009a, b). Therefore, H2O2 generated mostly by solar radiation and microbial pr
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