Colored and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters
This chapter will give a general overview on the sources and nature of colored and CDOM, biogeochemical functions of CDOM, optical variables, chromophores in the CDOM, and the theory of CDOM absorbance in natural waters. Moreover, the controlling factors
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1 Introduction Chromophoric and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the opitically active components of bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM) composing of a complex mixture of organic compounds of both allochthonous and autochthonous origin, which absorb light at both ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelengths (Bricaud et al. 1981; Arrigo and Brown 1996; Nelson et al. 1998; Nelson et al. 2004; Warnock et al. 1999; Nelson and Siegel 2002; Vähätalo and Wetzel 2004; Coble 2007; Zhang et al. 2009; Mostofa et al. 2009). Allochthonous organic substances K. M. G. Mostofa (*) · C. Q. Liu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Guiyang 550002, PR, China e-mail: [email protected] D. Vione Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, University of Turin, I-10125, Turin, Italy Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, I-10095 Grugliasco, (TO), Italy M. A. Mottaleb Department of Chemistry/Physics, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIE), Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, MO 64468, USA H. Ogawa Atmospheric and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan S. M. Tareq Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh T. Yoshioka Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
K. M. G. Mostofa et al. (eds.), Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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are generally derived from terrestrial plant materials in soil, while autochthonous organic substances are produced mostly from algae, phytoplankton and bacteria within the water column. Allochthonous CDOM (mostly fulvic and humic acids) originating in terrestrial environments flows through rivers and estuaries onto coastal shelves and then reaches the open ocean. During such transport it experiences large changes in ionic composition and physicochemical environment (Mostofa et al. 2009; Malcolm 1985; Malcolm 1990; Wetzel 1992; Nakane et al. 1997; Uchida et al. 2000; Vodacek et al. 1997; Mitra et al. 2000; Fahey et al. 2005; Murphy et al. 2008). Autochthonous CDOM of algal, phytoplankton and bacterial origin is generally composed of autochthonous fulvic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids, organic acids and so on (Nelson et al. 2004; Coble 2007; Zhang et al. 2009; Coble 1996; Tanoue 2000; Jennings and Steinberg 1994; Rochelle-Newall and Fisher 2002; Yamashita and Tanoue 2003; Yamashita and Tanoue 2004; Yamashita and Tanoue 2008; Stedmon and Markager 2005; Stedmon et al. 2007; Stedmon et al. 2007; Wada et al. 2007; Helms et al. 2008; Hulatt et al. 2009; Ortega-Retuerta et al. 2009; Mostofa et al. 2009). Phytoplankton is capable of releasing 10–60 % of the carbon and 15–50 % of the nitrogen assimilated during photosynthesis (Sundh 1992; Bronk et al. 1994; Brav
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