Photovoltaic devices employing vacuum-deposited perovskite layers
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ntroduction Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites based on organic ammonium lead halides have recently emerged as a promising material for the development of novel energy harvesting technologies (see the Introductory article in this issue of MRS Bulletin). While record efficiency solar cells have been obtained by solution processing of the perovskite absorber,1–4 no preferred preparation method has crystallized from the multitude of thin-film deposition processes reported so far. Solution deposition methods have the advantage of low-cost processing and are compatible with roll-to-roll fabrication. Since the degree of crystallinity and the nature of crystals in the final perovskite film strongly affect its photophysical properties, the reaction kinetics need to be rigorously controlled to maintain more consistent device performance.5 Physical vapor deposition methods for hybrid perovskites have also emerged, leading to high-efficiency photovoltaic devices.6–11 Such techniques are widely used in the semiconductor industry on a large scale for several optoelectronics applications. They present important intrinsic advantages over solution-based methods, including high purity, compatibility with large areas, and fine control over film thickness and morphology. Importantly, vacuum methods are intrinsically additive, meaning that multilayer devices can be built
without chemical modifications of the underlying layers or the use of orthogonal solvents. Additionally, the low fabrication temperature makes vacuum deposition compatible with a wide range of substrates, including flexible substrates and textiles. In this article, we review the developed methods for the deposition of hybrid perovskite thin films, focusing on those relying, at least partially, on vacuum deposition. The characteristics of the correspondent solar cells are also discussed.
Vacuum deposition methods for hybrid perovskite thin films Due to the interesting semiconducting properties of organic– inorganic perovskites, their processing into thin films has been widely investigated.12,13 Era et al. demonstrated the deposition of hybrid lead iodide perovskite thin films by dual-source vapor deposition of lead iodide PbI2 and an organic ammonium iodide RNH3I (where R is an organic substituent).14 The deposition rate and thickness were monitored using quartz oscillator microbalances (Sensors 1–3 in Figure 1a). A wide variety of perovskite structures could be produced through this technique, including layered materials and the threedimensional MAPbI3 (MA, methylammonium). Liu et al. also used this method to prepare the first high-efficiency planar
Michele Sessolo, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; [email protected] Cristina Momblona, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; [email protected] Lidón Gil-Escrig, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; [email protected] Henk J. Bolink, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.170
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