Physical Activity, Calcium Intake and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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Physical Activity, Calcium Intake and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents Kristin S. Ondrak1 and Don W. Morgan2 1 2
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 1. Bone Processes and Structural Changes with Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 2. Growth Spurts in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 3. Sex Differences in Bone Mineral Content (BMC) and BMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 4. Puberty and Bone Mineral Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 5. Cortical and Cancellous Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 6. Axial and Peripheral Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 7. Determinants of Peak Bone Density and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 8. The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Bone Mineral Differences in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . 591 9. Calcium Intake and Bone Measures in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 10. Studies of Calcium Supplementation and Bone in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 11. The Effect of Daily Physical Activity on Bone Development in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . 594 12. Cross-Sectional Studies of BMC and BMD in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 13. Longitudinal Studies of BMC and BMD in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 14. Physical Activity Interventions and Bone Outcomes in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 15. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious and potentially debilitating disease, which can lead to a variety of health complications and a diminished quality of life. Consequently, the development of bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) during childhood and adolescence is of great importance, as it may attenuate the effects and incidence of osteoporosis later in life. Identifying the mechanisms by which bones are strengthened early in life is crucial. This review highlights research examining factors that influence BMD and BMC in children
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