Physical Exercise and Treatment of Addiction
The difference between physical activity (with no planning) and physical exercise (with planning) is well described in the literature. Physical activity regards any body movement produced by muscles, which results in higher energy expenditure. Physical ex
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Physical Exercise and Treatment of Addiction Andrea Maculano Esteves, Paulo Daubian Rubini dos Santos Nosé and Marco Tulio de Mello
Physical Activity × Physical Exercise The difference between physical activity (with no planning) and physical exercise (with planning) is well described in the literature. Physical activity regards any body movement produced by muscles, which results in higher energy expenditure. Physical exercise, on the other hand, is planned, structured, repetitive and purposeful physical exercise (Mcardle et al. 1988; Caspersen et al. 1985). Therefore, we may refer to exercise in two ways: general effect exercise (GEE), which recruits over 1/7 to 1/6 of the body muscles, and local effect exercise (LEE), which recruits less than 1/7 to 1/6 of the body muscles. From this concept, we can classify GEE and LEE into aerobic and anaerobic. According to Barbanti (2011), aerobic exercise is a planned sequence of movements performed with energy from the aerobic metabolism, while resistance exercise (anaerobic) is a sequence of movements to which a resistance (load) is added as an additional demand to the muscle, aiming at increasing strength.
A.M. Esteves (&) P.D.R. dos Santos Nosé Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Ciências Do Esporte, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, R. Pedro Zaccaria N.1300, Jardim Santa Luiza, Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] M.T. de Mello Escola de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz—de 3003/3004, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31310-250, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 A.L.M. Andrade and D. De Micheli (eds.), Innovations in the Treatment of Substance Addiction, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43172-7_13
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Importance of Physical Exercise The benefits of physical exercise to health, quality of life, esthetics, performance, and rehabilitation are widely recognized. It also has several properties, among which we can highlight protection of the circulatory system, improvement of blood cholesterol levels, regulation of blood glucose, and increase in the response of the parasympathetic nervous system (not during exercise, but along the rest of the day), which reduces heart rate and blood pressure at rest, reduces inflammatory markers, and contributes to the prevention of and the fight against obesity (Tortora and Grabowski 2008). Physical exercise acts in a multisystemic way, as follows: 1—Skeletal System; 2—Articular System; 3—Muscular System; 4—Circulatory System; 5—Respiratory System; 6—Immune System; 7—Nervous System.
Skeletal System All of us are daily exposed to risks involving our bone health (such as stumbling on a footstep and falling, or a shock practicing some practicing some sports modality). According to Divasta and Gordon (2013), the bone is a dynamic tissue that responds to both internal stimuli and external environmental stimuli, including factors such as lifestyle during the course of life. The greatest p
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