Exercise Addiction
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Exercise Addiction Emilio Landolfi
Published online: 21 December 2012 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2012
Abstract This article examines the nature of exercise addiction. It presents a broad, congruent and discerning narrative literature review with the aim of providing a deeper understanding of the condition ‘exercise addiction’, including symptoms and options for treatment. In addition, guidelines are provided with respect to ‘healthy’ levels of exercise. Criteria used for determining the eligibility of studies evaluated in the review included the provision of relevant information in studies identified using pertinent search terms. The review highlights some of the key distinctions between healthy levels of exercise and exercise addiction. The findings suggest that an individual who is addicted to exercise will continue exercising regardless of physical injury, personal inconvenience or disruption to other areas of life including marital strain, interference with work and lack of time for other activities. ‘Addicted’ exercisers are more likely to exercise for intrinsic rewards and experience disturbing deprivation sensations when unable to exercise. In contrast, ‘committed’ exercisers engage in physical activity for extrinsic rewards and do not suffer severe withdrawal symptoms when they cannot exercise. Exercisers must acquire a sense of life-balance while embracing an attitude conducive to sustainable longterm physical, psychological and social health outcomes. Implementation of recommendations by the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, which states that all apparently healthy adults between 18 and 64 years of age should accumulate at least 150 minutes of moderate (5 or 6 on a scale of 0–10) to vigorous (7 or 8 on a scale of 0–10) intensity aerobic physical activity per week in bouts of E. Landolfi (&) Department of Kinesiology, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S-7M8, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
10 minutes or more, also expressed as 30 minutes per day distributed over 5 days per week, would be a good start.
1 Introduction Exercising on a regular basis results in a variety of healthrelated benefits ranging from physical to social and psychological well-being [1–5]. Indeed, physical activity not only enhances one’s quality of life but also improves body functioning, decreases resistance to fatigue, advances flexibility, and improves muscular strength and endurance that leads to better work efficiency and reduced risk of lower-back problems, assists in weight management, decreases incidence of cardiovascular disease, reduces the occurrence of type 2 (adult onset) diabetes mellitus, lowers the risk of depression and contributes to the maintenance of an individual’s overall health [5–7]. Furthermore, exercise may decrease the effects of ageing through improved functioning during regular tasks of everyday life [8]. Although there are certainly numerous positive effects that could be derived from customary physical activity (i.e. 30 m
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