Physical Variables Monitoring to Contribute to Landslide Mitigation with IoT-Based Systems
This document proposes the design of a low-cost platform that contributes to the monitoring of the physical variables involved in the process of generating land-slides through a low-power wide-area network. The system consists of three components. The fir
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ct. This document proposes the design of a low-cost platform that contributes to the monitoring of the physical variables involved in the process of generating land-slides through a low-power wide-area network. The system consists of three components. The first is the electronic module in charge of integrating sensors, sampling, digitizing, and sending data. The second is the LoRa wireless commu-nication system that links all the nodes located in strategic sites in the study area with the gateway, then the bidirectional messages (data) are sent from the gate-way to the server hosted in the cloud through the MQTT protocol, where all the data acquired from the sensor network and the web server are stored. The third component is the display of information to the user through HTTP requests from any multi-platform device. The platform generates a large amount of data that will serve as input for future investigations related to landslides. This design will al-low the generation of more reliable early warning systems. Keywords: Internet of Things landslides · LoRa
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· MQTT protocol · Cloud computing ·
Introduction
The development of the Internet has generated significant changes in the human being’s [1] life and, with it, the introduction of new technological applications that have revolutionized the world as it is the case of the Internet of Things (IoT) [2]. In this aspect, anything in the physical world of interest to be observed and controlled by human beings will be connected and offer services through the Internet [3]. IoT presents benefits that traditional cities practice, to later transform into modern and smart cities. These smart cities use connectivity, geographically distributed environmental sensors, and computerized intelligent management systems to solve immediate problems that anticipate, mitigate, and even prevent crises. These mechanisms make it possible to proactively offer better services, alerts, and information to citizens [4]. c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 M. Botto-Tobar et al. (Eds.): ICAETT 2020, AISC 1302, pp. 58–71, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63665-4_5
Physical Variables Monitoring to Contribute to Landslide Mitigation
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Large cities and metropolitan areas are considered complex systems with various challenges. Therefore, urban planning and the development of dynamic decision mechanisms that consider citizen participation processes’ growth and inclusion are becoming increasingly important [4]. In this context, according to the World Bank [5], 90% of urban expansion in developing countries is in areas close to risk zones, resulting in informal and unplanned settlements. The interaction between humans and nature throughout history has caused considerable material and human losses [6]. Quito, study case, has a population of around 2,781,641 inhabitants [7]; due to its geographical and climatic characteristics, Quito can be affected by natural phenomena such as landslides. These phenomena are of short duration but potentially destruc
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