Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities Kelly Fraser1,2†, Vamsi Kodali1,2†, Naveena Yanamala1,2, M. Eileen Birch3, Lorenzo Cena4, Gary Casuccio5, Kristin Bunker5, Traci L. Lersch5, Douglas E. Evans3, Aleksandr Stefaniak6, Mary Ann Hammer1, Michael L. Kashon1, Theresa Boots1, Tracy Eye1, John Hubczak1,2, Sherri A. Friend1, Matthew Dahm7, Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan7,8, Katelyn Siegrist1, David Lowry1, Alison K. Bauer9, Linda M. Sargent1 and Aaron Erdely1,2*
Abstract Background: Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have known toxicity but simultaneous comparative studies of the broad material class, especially those with a larger diameter, with computational analyses linking toxicity to their fundamental material characteristics was lacking. It was unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, in particular, genotoxicity. Nine CNT/F (MW #1–7 and CNF #1–2), commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities, were evaluated with reported diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. All materials were extensively characterized to include distributions of physical dimensions and prevalence of bundled agglomerates. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to the nine CNT/F (0–24 μg/ml) to determine cell viability, inflammation, cellular oxidative stress, micronuclei formation, and DNA double-strand breakage. Computational modeling was used to understand various permutations of physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Kelly Fraser and Vamsi Kodali contributed equally to this work. 1 Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA 2 West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
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