Physics and Contemporary Needs
This volume consists of lectures delivered at the Sixth Inter national Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held at Islamabad from June 15 to July 2, 1981. The College used to be held at one of the scenic hill resorts of Pakistan,
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EdiTEd by A. M. KHAN Pakistan Atomic Energy Comission Islamabad, Pakistan
s. RiAZuddiN
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology Faisalabad, Pakistan
ASGHAR QAdiR Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
ANd M.N.QAZi Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
PlENUM PRESS NEW YORk ANd LONdoN
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs. Physics and contemporary needs. v. 11976New York, Plenum Press. 2. v. ill. 26 cm. annual "Proceedings of the International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs: Key title: Physics and contemporary needs, ISSN 0163-2051 1. Physics-Congresses. 2. Geophysics-Congresses. 3. Technology-Congresses. I. Title. QCl.I647a 530 78-647137
ISBN 978-1-4684-4726-2
ISBN 978-1-4684-4724-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-4724-8 Proceedings of the Sixth International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs, held June 15-July 2,1981, at Nathiagali, Pakistan
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporatio" 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
COLLEGE ORGANIZERS Munir Ahmad Khan
Patron
Abdus Salam
Director
Riazuddin
Director
Ishfaq Ahmad
Chairman Organizing Committee
M.N.Qazi
Scientific Secretary Organizing Committee
Nisar Ahmad
Member
M.Laiq Jaffri
Member
A.M.Khan
Member
Abdullah Sadiq
Member
K.A.Shoeb
Member
SEMINAR COORDINATORS Nisar Ahmad
Lasers
Jamshed Rashmi
Computer and Microprocessors
A.M. Khan
Energy
Asghar Qadir
Astrophysics
S.Riazuddin
Biophysics
v
LECTURERS AND INVITED SEMINAR SPEAKERS J • Bradbury A.1. Bukhari H.Dertinger Fang Li Zhi W.Hafele R.W.Hellwarth* A.Jaeschke Arshad M.Khan S. Kirkpatrick R.P.Overend William J.Pardee J.C.di Primo Riazuddin Richard J.Roberts H.H.Rogner Carl A.Rouse Y.Saunier* L.Schrattenholzer
*Their lecturers could not be included in the Proceedings. vi
PREFACE This volume consists of lectures delivered at the Sixth International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held at Islamabad from June 15 to July 2, 1981. The College used to be held at one of the scenic hill resorts of Pakistan, Nathiagali, hence the name of the College. The College was organized by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under the patronage of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, with a view to providing an opportunity for local physicists and physicists from developing countries for learning of the latest developments in various branches of physics. The University Grants Commission provided a financial grant for the partic
