Physics of the Upper Polar Atmosphere
This is the only extended textbook that covers in particular the physics of the upper polar atmosphere where the polar lights demonstrates the end product of a process taking place at extremely high latitudes between the solar wind and the upp
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Asgeir Brekke
Physics of the Upper Polar Atmosphere (Second Edition)
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Professor Asgeir Brekke Department of Physics and Technology University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway
SPRINGER–PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ISSN 2194-5217 ISSN 2194-5225 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-27400-8 ISBN 978-3-642-27401-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-27401-5 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012931415 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 First Edition published 1997 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Copy editor: Mike Shardlow Typesetting: OPS Ltd., Gt. Yarmouth, Norfolk, U.K. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
To Linnea and Bjørn
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiii
List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxiii
List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxv
1
The Sun and the solar wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 General points concerning the Sun . . . . . . . . . 1
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